Copernicium or Ununbium Facts - Cn or Element 112

Copernicium or Ununbium Facts - Cn or Element 112 Copernicium or UnunbiumBasic Facts Nuclear Number: 112 Image: Cn Nuclear Weight: [277] Revelation: Hofmann, Ninov et al. GSI-Germany 1996 Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 Name Origin: Named for Nicolaus Copernicus, who proposed the heliocentric nearby planetary group. The pioneers of copernicum needed the components name to respect a well known researcher who didn't get a lot of acknowledgment during his own liferime. Likewise, Hofmann and his group wished to respect the significance of atomic science to other logical fields, for example, astronomy. Properties: The science of copernicum is relied upon to be like that of the components zinc, cadmium, and mercury. As opposed to the lighter components, component 112 rots after a small amount of a thousandth of a second by emanating alpha particles to initially turn into an isotope of component 110 with nuclear mass 273, and afterward an isotope of hassium with nuclear mass 269. The rot chain has been followed for three increasingly alpha-rots to fermium. Sources: Element 112 was created by intertwining (dissolving together) a zinc iota with a lead particle. The zinc particle was quickened to high energies by a substantial particle quickening agent and coordinated onto a lead target. Component Classification: Transition Metal References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (eighteenth Ed.) Occasional Table of the Elements

Nineteenth Century America Essays - Labour Relations, Free Essays

Nineteenth Century America Essays - Labor Relations, Free Essays Nineteenth Century America As urban mechanical specialists extended in the nineteenth century, industry and the modern work power blasted also. Laborers , in any case, were met with troublesome circumstances that at last prompted savage upheavals. Low wages couldn't accepting food and garments simultaneously and conditions in the work place achieved endless passings and wounds. Developing number of migrants caused the decrease of wages and uncertainty of the laborers caused joblessness. There were threats between laborers, bosses, and associations and protests of no social wellbeing nets. Because of these disordered predicaments, patrons chose to rise as one, so as to beat the organizations. Techniques for logical administration were consolidated and the two ideological gatherings (radicals and moderates) were immovably established in the conviction of mutualism. Be that as it may, clashes among rebels and entrepreneurs touched off strikes, producing the Haymarket Square Riot alongside the Homestead and Pullma n strikes. It was then evident that they couldn't dispense with corporate control. Indeed, even with solidarity, the laborers brought about an unbeneficial exertion. Urban mechanical laborers were shelled with numerous issues, a significant one being long working hours. They not just needed to bear unlimited long stretches of work and disturbance, however got hardly any compensation whatsoever. To exacerbate the situation, they were battling to exist in the late nineteenth century where industrialization was bothering and sorrows were a piece of the standard. A normal American laborer earned a measly $500 every year and a lady just half as much as the men. Individuals were not bringing in enough cash to buy the necessities of life and in this way, carried on with a hard, battling life. A lady expressed she didn't live , yet simply existed.. she didn't live that you could call living. Be that as it may, even at low wages, a mind boggling number of hours were being worked. Talented laborers worked a normal of 50.4 hours a week and the incompetent at 53.7 hours seven days. Where machines supplanted laborers, the expense of the gear must be secured by serious work. Steelworkers, for instance, took a shot at normal 63.1 hours of the week; a few workers were even required to work 12 hours per day, 7 days per week, with even a 24 hour move and just a single three day weekend at regular intervals. Long relentless endeavors started to deliver in the US one of the most elevated mechanical mishap rates in the Western modern world. Somewhere in the range of 1880 and 1900, 35,000 laborers were slaughtered every year and another 536,000 were harmed. There were more passings in the working field of railways and coal mineshafts. There were at any rate 2000 deadly wounds and one of each 399 railroad men were executed. What's more, dangerous working conditions assumed a significant job in the enduring of the modern specialists. Conditions in the processing plants were poor. In California, 2,000 men, ladies, and youngsters would share 8 untended open air toilets, eat and rest among creepy crawlies, and worked temperatures more than 100 degrees, regularly without water accessible. To finish it off, there was a multitude of foreigners that made industrial facilities be stuffed. As foreigners expanded, working power expanded, leaving bosses to control the wages. In the event that it wasn't low wages or extended periods of time, it was work weaknesses. Just a couple of laborers could rely on all day work. Sorrows and downturns prompted repeating work, style and climate caused occasional business, and machines supplanting people brought basic work. There were no social government assistance programs or a social security net to go to. A social wellbeing net was a social government assistance program subsidized by the administration that made up for the wounds, sicknesses, and government aides for laborers and single parents. No security net implied awful news to the jobless specialists. There were 3 degree of laborers: incompetent specialists (who were workers), machine laborers (who were agents), and gifted laborers ( who were experts). The company's optimal laborers were ones who utilized their hands and not their minds. Needing to control the yield, they attempted to dispose of the laborer independence and the minds and supplant them with agents. This looked as a danger to the laborers who realized what might consequence of boundless yield: sporadic work and value cuts. An arrangement known as logical administration was contrived by a man named Frederick Winston Taylor.

25 Disturbing Global Smoking Facts

25 Disturbing Global Smoking Facts More in Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery If you are still on the fence when it comes to quitting cigarettes, think again. While you may think that its an issue you can deal with later, the current evidence suggests that time is not on your side.   While you should always approach smoking cessation as a positive step toward a longer and healthier life, it is equally important to understand the consequences of inaction. By doing so, you can make a more informed choice and take the steps needed to kick the habit once and for all. Dont take our word for it. Let the numbers speak for themselves. 25 Global Smoking Facts and Statistics There are 1.1 billion smokers in the world today, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). If the  trend continues, that number is expected to increase to 1.6 billion by the year 2025.Tobacco kills more than six million people each year, translating to one smoking-related death every five seconds. That is a million more deaths than occurs each year as a result of HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria combined.??According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there were 37.8 million smokers in the United States in 2016.Over 16 million Americans are currently living with a tobacco-related disease, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee, and West Virginia are eight states where at least 21.8 percent of adults are smokers. Of these, West Virginia leads the pack, wherein one of every four adults is a current smoker.More than 480,000 Americans die each year of smoking, accounting for one o f every five deaths.On average, smoking will cut 13 years from your life expectancy. If you have HIV, that number  will increase to 16 years.Lung cancer is not the only malignancy you can get from smoking. Others include cancer of the bladder, blood, bone marrow, cervix, colon, esophagus, kidneys, larynx, liver, mouth, pancreas, rectum, stomach, and throat.In addition to cancer, smoking can increase your risk of coronary heart disease and stroke by anywhere from 200 percent to 400 percent.Smoking is a problem that hits poorer people  hardest. In fact, 80 percent of the worlds smokers live in low- to medium-income countries. Even in the U.S., 24.3 percent of people living below the poverty line are smokers compared to 14.3 percent of those living above the poverty line.China is home to 300 million smokers who consume approximately 1.7 trillion cigarettes annually or roughly three million cigarettes per minute. One of every three cigarettes smoked globally is in China.Worldwide, aroun d  10 million cigarettes are purchased per minute, 15 billion are sold per day, and upwards of five trillion are produced and used every year.A typical cigarette can contain anywhere from eight to nine milligrams of nicotine. By contrast, the nicotine content is a cigar can run anywhere from 100 milligrams to 400 milligrams.??According to a study published in the  Archives of Toxicology, there is enough  nicotine in five cigarettes  to kill an average adult if ingested whole. With that being said, most smokers take in an average of one to  two milligrams per cigarette of which 0.03 milligrams is absorbed into the bloodstream.There are more than 4,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, of which more than 250 are known to be harmful, more than 50 are known to cause cancer, and 11 are classified as  Group I carcinogens.Benzene is a major cause of acute myeloid leukemia. Not surprisingly, cigarette smoke is the major source of benzene. Among smokers in the United States, 90 percent of their be nzene exposure will come from cigarettes.Radioactive lead, polonium, and  hydrogen cyanide  can all be found in  cigarette smoke. History buffs will recognize hydrogen cyanide as a compound used back in World War II as a genocidal agent.Of the six million smoking-related death reported around the world each year, 890,000 (or roughly 15 percent) are the result of secondhand smoke. Despite what some may tell you, there is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smokeTobacco costs the U.S. economy more than $300 billion dollars each year. Of this, $170 billion goes toward medical care, while more than $156 billion is  attributed to lost productivity due to illness and death.While fewer young adults are smoking cigarettes in the U.S. today, over 3,200 teens and adolescents try their first cigarette every day. Its estimated that 2,100 of these will go on to become daily smokers.Statistics suggest that 5.6 million children living today in the U.S. will die of a smoking-related disease. Th at is equal to one of every 13 children.Approximately a quarter of the youth living in the Western Pacific Region (comprised of East Asia, the Pacific, and Oceana) will die from tobacco use.Only 20 percent of the worlds population is protected by smoking laws, mostly in high-income countries.Globally, tobacco use has claimed more than 100 million lives in the 20th century.  It  is expected to claim another billion during the 21st century unless serious anti-smoking efforts are made on a global scale.The WHO has concluded  that half of all smokers will die as a result of tobacco use. If youre a smoker who is wishing to quit, make your mind up to dig your heels in and do the work need to stop  smoking today. You will not regret it.

The Contributions Of Artists During The World War One War

Part A – Plan of Investigation Beginning on August 4th, 1914 to November 11th, 1918, Canada was a part of World War One between the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance. The First World War brought changes to every aspect of the world from society to medicine to the arts. This investigation aims to evaluate the contributions of artists in the World War One war effort. To determine the extent of the artists’ contributions, the investigation will focus on art created during this time for the war effort such as propaganda posters, dazzle camouflage and military camouflage. To analyze the contributions, I will be looking at photographs and images of dazzle camouflage, propaganda posters and military camouflage as primary sources found on the website and at the Canadian War Museum but also using databases and websites such as the Canadian government website for secondary sources and other information. Part B – Summary of Evidence Artists Prior to World War One: - A new form of art was born called modernism which helped to describe the new world - Women were also engaging in art - In September 1886, a group of young women artists organized a club strictly for art - In 1907, the association became the Women s Art Association of Canada with a bill passed in the House of Commons War Artists - Sir Max Aitken, later known as Lord Beaverbrook, recognized the necessity of film and photographs for propaganda but felt that paintings could best portray Canada at war - Founded inShow MoreRelatedWorld War I Was One Of The Most Drastic Events During American History Essay1005 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War I was one of the most drastic events in American history. It had an unequaled contribution to shaping modern-day American culture. â€Å"WWI and American Art† successfully documents a fragile moment in American History from the Perspective of the visual artist. 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During the 21st century, society began to was in the process of developing a more sophisticated view. The century was even more violent than the 19th century with conflicts such as the world wars and in particular the Vietnam War. Yet they were no longerRead MoreDisney And His Creations. â€Å"An Artist And Patriot, Walt1562 Words   |  7 PagesDisney and His Creations â€Å"An artist and patriot, Walt Disney was a man that changed lives†. He was a man that stood for freedom, and he would take a stand to help the American war efforts with his Animations. His passion would go on to capture the minds and the lives of many Americans. After World War I Disney would go on to learn how to create animations. The fame that Disney received for his animations quickly spread his films through the nation. Of course, there were other propagandist that would

Should The Minimum Drinking Age Be Lowered - 1138 Words

Alcohol is consumed by people for many different reason such as celebrations, peer pressure, anxiety, boredom, sadness, insomnia, and rebellion. These are just a few reason why people may consume alcohol. The category of people also includes teenagers. Many on-going debates have flagged this question whether drinking should be lowered to eighteen or not? Citizens have gave details regarding the affirmative and negative views of the minimum drinking age be lowered to eighteen. Do you think that it is wise to lower the minimum age? Would you look at the negative and positive impacts? Is it more important to give our citizens these full rights? Currently, in the United States the legal drinking age is twenty-one. But as we all know many teenages are involved in underage drinking. But the main question is why? Why do these teenagers drink illegally? The government provides citizens with full rights at the age of drinking. These citizens are allowed to legally purchase cigarettes, vote, join the military, and decide whether or not to complete school. But why is it that alcohol consumption is considered illegal until the age of twenty-one? The powers that control our government decided that when one becomes twenty-one. In this essay, I will first give the affirmative perspective on why the minimum drinking age should be lowered. Then I will talk about the consequences society may face when lowering the minimum drinking age. Lastly, I will provide my perspective and insight.Show MoreRelatedShould the Minimum Drinking Age Be Lowered1128 Words   |  5 PagesTayrin O’Rand 14 March 2012 Should the Minimum Drinking Age be Lowered? The minimum drinking age became a hot topic ever since it was set to twenty one years old. It is a law not everyone welcomes with open arms, one that has the most impact in the lives of adolescents and if violated, one that can put a state at risk of forfeiting ten percent of its annual federal highway appropriation. John M. McCardell Jr., president of Middlebury College; founder and president of Choose Responsibility,Read MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered733 Words   |  3 PagesMinimum Legal Drinking Age Should be Lowered â€Å"Adults under 21 are deemed capable of voting, signing contracts, serving on juries and enlisting in the military, but are told they are not mature enough to have a beer.† (Amethyst Initiative: Rethink the Drinking Age). The causes behind the minimum legal drinking age standardization nationally has not been alleviated in the past couple decades and should be repealed. The minimum legal drinking age should be lowered to the age of eighteen whichRead MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1253 Words   |  6 Pages Minimum Legal Drinking Age Should the drinking age be lowered from 21 to a younger age? Ever since the end of prohibition in 1933 the United States government has placed the issue of minimum legal drinking age sensitively in the hands of the states, letting each decide for itself what the minimum age should be. At that time all agreed that the minimum legal drinking age should be 21, where it remained for all statesRead MoreControversial Analysis: Drinking Age1278 Words   |  6 PagesCarolina Quiroga April 02, 2012 Leslie Jones English 102 The Drinking Age and Young Adults. Because underage drinking is a major problem for young adults, the drinking age has become a very controversial issue. In the 1990s, the drinking age was 18, but it was changed to 21 in 1984. 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This law required all states to have a minimum drinking age of 21, if a state did not comply with this law they could face up to a 10% cut in funding for their federal highways (Tietjen). Since this act became a law there has been two distinct sides arguing whether they agree with the minimum drinking age, or whether they disagree. One side believes having a minimum drinkingRead MoreLowering The Minimum Drinking Age1380 Words   |  6 PagesOnce a person reaches the age of 18, they are allowed to tattoo their bodies, smoke tobacco, gamble and even enlist if they wanted to! As an adult, they want to be treated as one but how can they feel like an adult if hanging around with their friends and drinking beer while watching TV is illegal? Of course, that does not stop them, though. The United States is one of the few countries in which still have such a high minimum drinking age. Altho ugh most people think young adults (18-year olds) areRead MoreThe Problems of Underage Drinking Essay526 Words   |  3 Pagescontroversy of underage drinking has been a serious and difficult issue for many colleges, communities, and parents over the past several years. Fifty states in the U.S have already set their minimum alcohol drinking and purchasing age to twenty one. Yet many people, especially teenagers, oppose this legal drinking age and want it to be lowered. Nevertheless, the legal drinking age should not be lowered from twenty one to eighteen because of three main reasons. The higher minimum drinking age can help reduceRead More The Drinking Age Should NOT Be Lowered Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesto lowering the minimum legal drinking age. Choose Responsibility, a group founded by John McCardell, proposes that upon completion of a 40 hour course to educate young people about alcohol, 18, 19, and 20 year old people should be licensed to drink. 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Youth risk behavior surveillance system Free Essays

string(94) " Many believe that learning teens to be abstentious is idealistic, it is impossible in world\." Make you cognize how active teens are? Harmonizing to the informations and statistics from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, a sub unit of the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, as of 2007, 35.0 per centum of high school pupils throughout the United States are presently sexually active, and 47.8 per centum of high school pupils have already had sexual intercourse. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth risk behavior surveillance system or any similar topic only for you Order Now These Numberss may look big, but in the past twosome of old ages, they have one time once more begun increasing after many old ages of easy dropping. Surprisingly, the clip frame when sexual activity rates had begun increasing is around the clip when abstinence-only plans began being pushed. The Obama disposal has late cut budgets on the abstinence-only plans due to these unwanted effects. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ‘s National Center for Health Statistics published informations in March of 2009 saying adolescent birth rates in the United States have risen for the 2nd twelvemonth, as of 2007. Due to this, many critics have begun to knock the pick of the Bush disposal, which strongly supported the abstinence-only plans. As a consequence, it leads us to the inquiry of whether abstention plans are truly making their occupation. All this information points to abstinence-only plans being uneffective and merely supplemented abstention plans seem to hold a desirable c onsequence in the public schools in the United States. Abstinence plans day of the month back to the 1980 ‘s, the epoch of the Reagan disposal. They were the solutions to many jobs within high schools ( Sexuality Research and Social Policy ) . An article in a 1987 newspaper states that Reagan encouraged the abstention plans because it was the best manner to â€Å"avoid undertaking AIDS† ( Boyd ) . This was besides a portion of Reagan ‘s plan in combating AIDS. Reagan said, â€Å"All the vaccinums and medicine in the universe wo n’t alter one basic truth, that bar is better that remedy, and that ‘s peculiarly true for AIDS, for right now, there is no cure† ( Hess ) . Furthermore, Reagan believed that it was non the authorities ‘s duty to play a function in educating, but the function of both the school and household. In 1984, the first support for abstention instruction was given by the Office of Adolescent Pregnancy Program. Harmonizing to Sexuality Research and Social Policy within National Sexuality Resource Center, as of September 2008, at least 1.5 billion dollars have been funded on abstinence-only plans. Abstinence-only plans chiefly focus on the abstaining from holding sex. It does non advert most subjects within reproduction, particularly contraceptive method and safe sex. There have been many statements about whether onanism is acceptable as a subject and action under the abstinence-only plans. However, sing the old slang for onanism is â€Å"having sex with yourself, † it should non be considered a portion of the abstinence-only plans. In 2005, abstinence-only plans were scheduled for usage in schools in communities with the bulk of Hispanics and Blacks. The ground suggested was because these groups are significantly more sexually active when compared to other groups ( Helman ) . More late, in 2008, 17 or more provinces had already adopted the abstinence-only path ( O’Brien ) . The other option for sexual instruction is abstinence-supplemented plans, besides known as comprehensive sexual instruction. For this type of plan, non merely is abstinence encouraged as a better pick, but the plan besides touches on the topics of contraceptive method techniques and sexually familial diseases. In 1990, the opposing statement against comprehensive sex instruction plans stated by the abstention plans leaders is that less than half of the schools give any instructions on how to utilize contraceptive method or where to obtain them ( Wilgoren ) . However, this job has been solved ; now they are making the exact antonym of what they were being accused of. Furthermore, the comprehensive sexual instruction plan has become the sexual instruction plan with the most support. In a magazine published in 2007, 94 per centum of parents believed that the comprehensive attack was the better of the picks ( Stover ) . Possibly the most limpid manner to see the effectivity of abstinence-only plans is to compare the plans ‘ consequences to those of abstinence-supplemented plans. Texas and California are both southern provinces, but they use different sexual instruction methods ; the province of Texas adopted the abstinence-only plans, while the province of California decided to utilize the abstinence-supplemented plans ( The Dallas Morning News ) . The consequences are dramatically different. In Texas, the province Torahs have made it compulsory to learn abstinence-only as the preferred option. Furthermore, they must pass most of their clip on abstention, and stress that abstinence-only is the lone manner to hold a hundred per centum bar of sexually transmitted diseases. The reference of sexually transmitted diseases is really limited ; merely those chosen by the board of legal guardians of a school territory can be mentioned as effects ( Wonderful Days ) . As a consequence, Texas has become the province with the most adolescent gestations in the state ( The Dallas Morning News ) . On the other manus, the province of California has demands in schools to learn abstinence-supplemented plans, which teach the facets of both abstention and contraceptive method. In add-on, to a broader assortment of subjects to discourse, the pupils are besides able to easy obtain birth control points, such as rubbers ( The Dallas Morning News ) . Harmonizing to Dr. Mark Horton who is the manager of the California Department of Public Health, the adolescent birth rate in California had reached its lowest point as of May 11, 2009 ( CA Dept of Public Health ) , presenting a great contrast to the consequences of Texas. From the comparing between the two provinces, it is evident that comprehensive sexual instruction had a better consequence. It has been brought to visible radiation that there may be other issues, such as racial per centum difference that may do this effectivity difference. However, the bulk of research workers are tilting toward the different plans doing the largest consequence. Many believe that learning teens to be abstentious is idealistic, it is impossible in world. You read "Youth risk behavior surveillance system" in category "Essay examples" Alternatively of working toward an impossible, it would be more realistic to make bar of gestations and sexually transmitted diseases compared to forestalling teens from holding sex wholly. Surveies have shown that by senior twelvemonth about two tierces of the category has already had sexual intercourse ( The Dallas Morning News ) . It would be literally impossible to rectify the incorrect of so many, so it would be more effectual to dis course both abstention and birth control. In the long tally, those who choose to be abstentious will hold the support, but those who choose non to wait will hold the right information to forestall themselves from acquiring pregnant or obtaining sexually transmitted diseases. There are statements on how effectivity of abstention plans is really calculated. Some argue that it is the figure of persons holding sexual intercourse ; others argue that it is the gestation rate. Due to the hardness of mensurating the figure of persons submerged in the universe of sexual intercourse, I will establish this research paper on the figure of gestation rate. This is because the figure of persons holding sexual intercourse and the gestation rates should be linearly increasing. Therefore, the higher the gestation rate means the more persons sing sexual intercourse. Real life illustrations are non the lone ways to turn out the ineffectualness of abstinence-only plans. Although existent life illustrations demonstrate the consequences of the plans, they do non acquire to the roots of the ineffectualness. Problems and loopholes that the plan is based on may be the account on non merely its effectivity, but besides why many professionals choose non to utilize it. Many well-known and well-respected scientists have focused in on the statement between the two opposing plans. Although there are pros and cons tagged to both plans, the bulk of research workers tend to tilt toward comprehensive sexual instruction being the better of the two. Harmonizing to the reappraisal done by the Committee on Government Reform of the US House of Representatives, 11 out of the 13 course of studies of the abstention plan are based on wrong information ( Stantelli ) . â€Å"The Accuracy of Condom Information in Three Selected Abstinence-Only Education Curricula† research done by Alison Jeanne Lin and John S. Santelli besides confirmed this consequence. The information given in the plans were non needfully false ; nevertheless, they were distorted and led to misinformation. Other informations are old and have been proven incorrect. This information included deceptive information on contraceptive method effectivity and the effects of abortion. Furthermore, the research workers took misconceptions and stereotypes as facts within their scientific research, doing their research biased and questionable. A survey done by Douglas Kirby showed that abstention plans do non detain the overall age of sexual intercourse ( Sexuality Research and Social Policy ) . One of the few pieces of informations given by abstinence-programs on contraceptive method indicates that rubber fail rates on undertaking HIV is between 10 per centum to 43 per centum, where lab consequences suggest the rate to be 1 per centum or under ( Morse ) . This is a important difference that could do major jobs when taught in category. If the pupil does non take abstention, so seeing the high opportunity of condom failure, they may make up one’s mind to hold unprotected sex. This will ensue in more adolescent gestations and an addition in persons with sexually transmitted diseases. As of 1999, abstention plans claim that adolescent gestation rates had decreased by 17 per centum due to their parts. Many oppositions beg to differ because of the deficiency of grounds. Some have chosen to believe that the existent ground for this bead was due to the addition in usage of contraceptive method ( Morse ) . Furthermore, in â€Å"Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Programs and Their Impact on Adolescent Human Rights† written by Rebecca Schleifer and Alice M. Miller, they suggest that abstinence-only plans violate the human rights of teens, particularly those of doing healthy protective determinations ( Sexuality Research and Social Policy ) . Another issue is that abstention plans do non turn to one of the major jobs of teens who choose to hold sexual intercourse. Harmonizing to recent generated research, one of the traits that teens who abstain from sex have is â€Å"resistance to peer influence† ( Healy ) . Peer force per unit area and influence is likely one of the largest grounds why teens choose to hold sex. Many teens believe it is â€Å"in† and â€Å"popular, † and if they do non make it they will be out of the norm. However, abstention plans non turn toing this issue may be another cause of its ineffectualness. In add-on to the many grounds already stated, the apparatus of the plan besides contributes to the effectivity. The most commonly school-used abstention plan, titled Self Respect, does non hold a follow-up plan ( Elmer-DeWitt ) . Once the category is over, the pupils return to the existent universe, being enticed by the many weaving waies the society has created. This increased opportunity of being led astray shows how indispensable follow-up plans are. Without them, teens will evidently travel down the incorrect way. Students seeing how unorganised the abstention plan is one of the chief grounds lending to the failure of the plan. Students will be able to see how undependable the statistics are and how many research workers have disapproved of the plans. This will do them to oppugn the dependability of the plans. When they see another pick, particularly a more appealing one, they will choose out of abstention plans and lief embrace the other pick. For many high school pupils and teens, this other pick is holding a sexual spouse, one who they can hold sex with and trust on. To them, this pick is so much more attractive, and it is besides more pleasing to the teens ‘ ramping endocrines. On the other manus, comprehensive sexual instruction satisfies the sexual thirst of teens. It addresses the physical demands of teens as a fact and Tells teens that there is nil incorrect with the manner they are experiencing. Furthermore, it treats the teens like a friend and steer them along. In comparing to the stiff limitations of the abstention plans, this is a much better pick to learn teens the sex cognition that they need. Unless abstention plans can go more organized, and so, derive the regard and support of research workers, teens will non likely travel for this type of plan. Merely with reorganising and reconstituting the whole plan, it might be possible to convert teens to get down to take abstention over sex. Even holding said this, it will still take a long clip before teens choose abstention merely because of the past feelings this plan has given. As stated earlier, President Obama has late decided to cut the budgets on abstinence-only undertakings. This was one of the first things that he has chosen to make in his first twelvemonth of presidential term. The authorities did non randomly choose to cut budgets merely because of the economic depression. There are many possible grounds that have been brought to the public position, and the strongest ground being the plan ‘s ineffectualness, and the authorities has presented three possible statements back uping this affair. The most basic ground given by The American Public Health Association and U.S. Institute of Medicine to the Congress in 2008, states that â€Å"scientific surveies have non found that abstinence-only learning plants to cut gestations or sexually transmitted diseases† ( Allen ) . It is obvious that if schools do non learn teens contraceptive method techniques, they will non cognize how to forestall gestations. As mentioned above, many pupils will non take abstention because of its instability. Therefore, the end now is to learn them besides about safe sex to farther prevent a uninterrupted addition in adolescent gestation rates and the figure of people with sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore, the authorities is taking comprehensive sexual instruction to be the better pick. Recently, as the authorities cuts back on abstention plans, a new societal group is taking up the occupation: spiritual groups. Abstinence plans have a part of their footing in Scripture, and to some extent, the plan really reworded Scripture as its learning stuff ( Elmer-DeWitt ) . It is no admiration that faith, more specifically Christianity can increase the effectivity and efficiency of the abstention plans, particularly when 78.5 per centum of the American population are Christians. In add-on, most faiths support the thought of sex after matrimony, which encourages the same thoughts as the abstention plans. Due to this, trusters in these faiths would more easy accept the intent of the abstention plan. Now, the authorities has given up abstinence-only plans for plans with a brighter hereafter. They now want to patronize abstinence-supplemented plans that are specially adjusted to learn information that is suited for teens ( Allen ) . They have now given the abstinence-only plans over to the spiritual groups. These groups have the resources and the correct background to force for the abstinence-only motion. Hopefully, under the right environment, abstinence-only plans may besides boom and make their occupation. From Angus McQuilken ‘s point of position, it is non difficult, †the job here is non the abstention, it ‘s the lone † ( Helman ) . A pessimistic research worker from Sexuality Research and Social Policy said, â€Å"We want people to cognize that abstinence-only instruction does n’t work† ( Sexuality Research and Social Policy ) . Overall, we can non state that abstinence-only plans are wholly uneffective. They have their pros that can ensue in a immense measure frontward in sexual instruction with the aid and addendum of other plans or spiritual groups. In a sense, abstinence-only plans are like badly-oiled machines, or like electronics without electricity. They are good established, but the job is, without the excess oil or electricity, they can non run swimmingly or expeditiously. Likewise, without the supplemented informations, abstinence-only plans can non make their full potency. Once the plan is tweaked and reorganized, it may non merely make its possible, but besides excel more than either of the constituents. Many teens have spoken out on this affair. The girl of vice-presidential campaigne r Sarah Palin, Bristol Palin has spoken out to teens across the state to believe before they do it. Furthermore, teens have mentioned that some of the information required to help them to do good sexual determinations are non taught in wellness category. Fifteen-year-old Mildred says, â€Å" We get sex-ed categories in school and that should be where teens get the right information, but that is n’t go oning † ( O’Brien ) . The reply has been in forepart of our eyes all along, so following clip when another adolescent becomes pregnant or contracts a sexually familial disease, do n’t fault them, fault the sexual instruction plans. How to cite Youth risk behavior surveillance system, Essay examples

Jurassic Park Essays (409 words) - Film, Fiction, Literature

Jurassic Park A billionaire has created a technique to clone dinosaurs. From the left behind DNA that his crack team of scientists and experts extract he is able to grow the dinosaurs in labs and lock them up on an island behind electrified fences. He has created a sort of theme park on the island which is located off the west coast of Costa Rica. The island is called Isla Nublar. He plans to have the entire planet come and visit his wondrous marvels. He asks a group of scientists from several different fields to come and view the park, but something terribly goes wrong when a worker on the island turns against him and shuts down the power. The main characters in the book are: John Hammond who is a billionaire developer who has used his resources to create the dinosaur filled island known as Jurassic Park. He is an old grandfather, and he dies in the book by a dinosaur known as a Procompsognathus. Dr. Alan Grant who is a renowned paleontologist, agrees to visit Jurassic Park only to find out it is the home of several Dinosaurs. Unlike the movie Dr. Grant loves kids in the book. Dr. Ellie Sattler is a Paleobotinist and Alan Grant who is among the first people to tour Jurassic Park. Tim who is the 11 year old grandson of John Hammond is very into computers and loves Dinosaurs. His 7 year older sister is Alexis. She has a kind of tomboy attitude and loves baseball. Ian Malcom is the Mathematician that uses Chaos Theory to predict disastrous results. Finally there is Dennis Nedry. He was the computer genius who's greed and ambition bring chaos to Jurassic Park. The characters show the greatest difference in the movie and th e book. There were many opposites in the characters. One of the obvious differences is that the roles of Tim and Lex were reversed. The book starts off when some of the dinosaurs have escaped form the island. John Hammond invites a group of scientists to the park. He also invites his grandchildren. While all of this is happening Denis Nedry ends up taking a bribe from a rival company to get samples of Dinosaur DNA. In order to make his escape, he turns the power off, even the electric fences. Some of the chaos starts when the humans try warning a boat that they are transporting dinosaurs to the mainland. Bibliography none required Book Reports

Illegal Music Downloading Essays

Illegal Music Downloading Essays Illegal Music Downloading Essay Illegal Music Downloading Essay Anastasia 1 Professor Edgar Dana ENC1101 4 September 2012 Effects of Illegal Downloading on the Music Industry Are you willing to face a money-draining lawsuit by the simple click of a mouse? One of the biggest issues today regarding the relation between record companies and all of their eager listeners is illegally downloading music from the Internet. Most people look past the many reasons one shouldn’t download their favorite tracks for free only because now days it’s made easy. However, they should be aware of the consequences that could come from something so simple. We should understand that taking the music for free, we are committing a crime and harming the music industry and limiting the future artists and their creativity. No matter what, when it comes down to it, downloading music without paying is stealing Stealing artists’ hard work is not only unethical but also immoral. We are not only stealing profit from artists but also the record companies that have hundreds of people making a living from these albums. Just like you and me, these employees deserve payments for their hard work and long hours. The artists spend the majority of their time writing and perfecting their songs just for consumers to steal it in a matter of 15 seconds easy. According to the RIAA (Record Industry Association of America) website, in the decade since peer-to-peer (p2p) file-sharing site Napster emerged in 1999; music sales in the U. S. have dropped 47 percent, from $14. 6 billion to $7. 7 billion. From 2004 through 2009 alone, approximately 30billion songs were illegally downloaded on file-sharing networks. Stats show, global music piracy causes $12. 5 billion of economic losses every year, 71,060 U. S. jobs lost, a loss of $2. 7 billion in workers earnings, and a loss of $422 million in tax revenues, $291 million in personal income tax and $131 million in lost corporate income and production taxes. Can you imagine this coming from your own pocket? According to the RIAA, copyright law protects the value of creative work. When you make unauthorized copies of someone’s creative work, you are taking something of value from the owner without his or her permission. Most likely, you’ve seen the FBI warning about unauthorized copying at the beginning of a movie DVD. Though you may not find these messages on all compact discs or music you’ve downloaded from the Internet, the same laws apply. Federal law provides severe civil and criminal penalties for the unauthorized reproduction, distribution, rental or digital transmission of copyrighted sound recordings. (Title 17, United States Code, Sections 501 and 506). There have been many cases where people were guilty of music piracy and left with a felony record, accompanied by up to five years of jail time and fines up to $250,000. Wouldn’t you much rather pay 10$ for an album? One of the most important factors to consider is the artists’ creativity and all the upcoming artists motivation. If artists start loosing chunks of their profit, pretty soon no one will even bother putting in the time, effort, and skill into their music. This means we will not enjoy new music and eventually the industry will die. Music is a very important factor to every day life. Without music the world would lack entertainment, culture and expression, resulting in a very boring environment. In conclusion there are many consequences that could come from something so simple like illegal music downloading. We should understand that taking the music for free, we are committing a crime and harming the music industry and limiting the future artists and their creativity. No matter how easy, when it comes down to it, illegal music downloading is wrong and affects everyone in different ways.

Prescribe vs. Proscribe

Prescribe vs. Proscribe Prescribe vs. Proscribe Prescribe vs. Proscribe By Sharon Only one letter separates this oppositional pair. To prescribe is to order the use of or set out a rule. From this we get a prescription, which sets out how you are to take a particular medicine. We also get prescriptive grammar, which is grammar that presumes that there is one set of grammatical rules that everyone should follow. In contrast, to proscribe is to forbid, ban or denounce. It originates from the Latin meaning to post in writing and described the 16th century practice of posting public notices about those who had been condemned. To keep the usage straight, think of this. If you are studying at college your set texts are prescribed, while texts that you are not allowed to read are proscribed. Incorrect Usage Some times even large publications get it wrong, like here: Prosecutors have portrayed 57-year-old Martin MacNeill as a lying adulterer who pestered his 50-year-old wife to get a face-lift and persuaded her plastic surgeon to proscribe a mix of potentially lethal pills for her recovery. (USA Today) Correct Usage Some emergency room doctors are far more likely than others even within their own department to prescribe opioids to treat pain in older people, and their patients are at greater risk of using the powerful drugs chronically than those who saw doctors who prescribe them less frequently, according to a large new study. (NY Times) Increasingly, the rules of workplace culture proscribe all sorts of talk about sex, and enforce this proscription with sensitivity training and strategic mention of lawsuits. (NY Times) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†7 Tips for Writing a Film ReviewAdvance vs. Advanced

Shakespearean Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shakespearean Drama - Essay Example If she truly disagreed in getting married, Shakespeare would have written something to the effect of "thee shall be hang'd on Sunday first". As she could not openly state her opinion, and she never says anything nice, it can be assumed that she actually agrees to the marriage by saying she will be at the hanging. Wealthy young girls were never at public events. In Scene One of Act II, Katharina goes after her sister after being taunted that she likes Hortensio. She ties her sister up in order to make her confess in telling her who all her suitors are. Bianca resists. What is interesting here is that Baptista protects Bianca and tells her to "go ply thy needle". It is the first and only time Bianca is to do an activity of "ideal womanhood". Katherina responds expressing jealousy, fear, loneliness, humiliation†¦. "What will you not suffer me! Nay, now I see She is your treasure, she must have a husband; I must dance bare-foot on her wedding day; And for your love to her lead apes in hell. Talk not to me: I will go sit and weep Till I can find occasion of revenge." Bianca seems the perfect bride to be, but she shames the family. Her tutors are her suitors in disguise. Luciento changes places with Tranio. They make up such a sham that Bianca signs the marriage contract with Tranio. Luciento goes to Baptista and tells him, he is now married with his daughter. Shakespeare is criticizing the conflict of arranged marriages and love marriage. He is also questioning what is the ideal of womanhood. Though Bianca is outwardly the more peaceful of the two; and she is her father's favorite, there is a transformation that questions who has the happier marriage. Their father comments in Act V. (Baptista) "Another dowry to another daughter, For she is changed, as she had never been." Katherina also changes. The techniques are to shock the audience. In reality, Shakespeare is questioning the arranged marriage; the chattel contracts; the fact that a wife is a little bit higher than a man's horse. Women in the upper classes got married when they were 12 to 14 years old. What could they do without any life's experience. In the play, we see an inn keeper, servants, and the widow with the two girls. Either they got married young or they went to Convents. Katherina is more honest in nature than Bianca. She has been left to her own vices too long. She is lonely, highly intelligent, jealous of her sister and angry. Shakespeare writes the play from the male point of view. He is showing how men treat women in society. Shakespeare tries to add the women's side as well. When Petruchio negotiates the dowry with Baptista, he says "†¦.where two raging fires meet together they do consume the thing that feeds their fury, though little fire grows great with little wind, yet extreme gusts will blow out fire and all: So I to her and so she yields to me; For I am rough and woo not like a babe." He is essentially saying that he is not afraid of her emotions nor character and that they will meet equal grounds. He is also saying that he is pleased with what he sees. He will teach her to control the fire in her and he will learn to control his fear. Baptista agrees if Petruchia gets his daughter's love, they can get married. Petruchio enjoys the first encounter with Katrina. She lets him know that she is still young and cannot bear. "Not such jade as you, if me you mean" (Act II) Fine, I will wait. They both are enjoying

Admission Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Admission - Article Example Within the campuses, libraries, classrooms and laboratories are equipped with facilities that fulfil state-of-the-art technology. In the final two years of their studies, students take part in a minimum of six experiences in clinical fieldwork (NSU, 2014). Through this, they are not only exposed to practical experience in building their skills, but also potential employers and the professional environment. Further, graduates have the opportunity to proceed to masters and doctoral degrees either at NSU or other institutions. A significant inspiration comes from the therapist that has been supervising my volunteer hours, who is also a graduate of NSU. Through his guidance and support throughout the volunteer hours, it is evident that NSU produces professionals who are passionate about their work. Apart from academics, NSU offers vibrant student and faculty life throughout its campuses which include cultural activities, professional and social events, fitness and wellness clubs and, mor e importantly, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletics (NSU,

Why President Truman Decided to Drop Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Naga

Why President Truman Decided to Drop Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki At 02:45 August 6th 1945, the B-29 Superfortress the Enola Gay took off from the specially lengthened North Field on the Island of Tinian in the Marianas. The plane piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets was 7 tons. At 0815 hours the bomb doors of the B-29 opened and flying at approximately 32,000 ft the uranium based atom bomb code-named â€Å"Little Boy† was unleashed upon the city of Hiroshima. Over 70,000 men women and children were killed by blast alone. And over the next half century approximately another 40,000 would die from related illnesses. With this 70,000 were wounded at Hiroshima. The co-pilot of the Enola Gay could see, â€Å"smoke and fires creeping up the side of the mountain†. Then again on August 9th a second holocaust was unleashed on Nagasaki. â€Å"†¦a giant ball of fire rose as though from the bowels and a giant pillar of purple fire†¦shooting skyward and with enormous speed† The effects of the bomb here were much less spectacular than at Hiroshima. There were only 80,000 initial casualties of which 40,000 were dead. Japan surrendered to the allied forces on August 14th, 1945. Emperor Hirohito made the announcement to a stunned nation, â€Å"I can not endure the thought of letting my people suffer any longer. A continuation of the war would bring death to tens, perhaps hundreds, of thousands of persons, the whole nation would be reduced to ashes†. Who had ordered this barbaric act, and for what purpose? To find the answer we examine the military situation surrounding the final stages of the war on Japan, Americas diplomatic rivalry with Russia, the need to app... ...ium bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. The USSR still held onto large areas of Eastern Europe and forced communism onto the held territories. The bombing showed the Russians what incredible power the new weapon had. If the USSR were to keep up the balance with America then they too must have one. This set the scene for the nuclear arms race between the US and the USSR, it was democracy against communism, an â€Å"iron curtain† descended across Europe and already the Cold War had begun. If the Cold War prevented a more conventional war between the two superpowers then the fact that they both had weapons of mass destruction acted as each others deterrent. And so if this is the case then the use of the bomb although unknown at the time has been justified, as it is the only time that a weapon of its kind has ever been used in anger.

Compensation and Benefits Plan

Compensation and Benefits Plan November 20, 2011 Compensation and Benefits Plan In this submission Learning Team B (LTB) supports and expands on one team member’s proposal to add a school psychologist at Manzano Day School in Albuquerque, New Mexico to fill an operational gap. LTB outlines a proposal for compensation and benefits plan that meets the needs of the employee and the organization. Specifically, the proposal recommends and justifies an approach for direct pay, incentives, security and health benefits, pay for time not worked, and employee services; moreover, it identifies any obstacles or potential resistant in implementing each recommended approach. Direct Pay When developing a set salaray for the position of School Pshcycologist at Monzano Day school. One must consider the demographics and comparison of other schools in the area. For many years New Mexico public schools have been ranked worst in the country as a result of over crowding, lack of funding, lack of staff, lack of resources and corupt behavior. When comparing the pay scale for a school psychologist working for the Albuquerque Public School(APS) system an individual with a PhD. in Pschology starts at an annual salary of $54,000 (www. aps. edu/human-resources/salary-schedules/salaries/a4-salary-schedule) which is based on a 208 days (8hrs/day) work schedule and then is adjusted according to years of experience and other skills according to a grade step in pay. Manzano Day School would match the same payscale and grading as the public schools offer, in addition to non quanitative incentives as small classroom sizes, multitude of resources, adaquate funding for education and a strong support from the community, board of directors and administration. Incentives Nonprofit organizational goals differ from for-profit firms and require different types of leaders and reward systems. Inability to distribute profits prohibits profit sharing, gain sharing, and stock-ownership incentive plans (Roomkin & Weisbrod, 1999). Firms are increasingly sing variable-pay systems such as pay-for-performance plans to control costs and increase employee efficiency (Cascio, 2010). Such a system is not a good fit for the school psychologist because it would likely reduce intrinsic motivation and could influence objective failure (Bregn, 2010). The major purpose of a school psychologist is â€Å"to achieve positive outcomes for students and systems† (Shriberg, Satchwell, McArdle, & James, 2010, p. 8). Position activities do not have sole influence over outcomes making it difficult to identify conditions to meet to attain a specified bonus incentive (Bregn, 2010). The change in social, emotional, or psychological outcomes is difficult to target, measure, and reward (Roomkin & Weisbrod, 1999). When the link between performance and rewards are weak, the merit-pay system fails (Cascio, 2010). The school psychologist is an intended change agent who leads the charge â€Å"toward positive ends for children, families, schools, and communities† (Shriberg et al, 2010, p. 20). Thus, employee involvement in decision making, empowerment, recognition, training opportunities, and offerance of a supportive nurturing company culture are important nonfinancial rewards (Cascio, 2010). Manzano Day School operates nine calendar months annually; providing the school psychologist a 12-month salary is a unique yet feasible incentive that will help the company attract the right candidate and enhance his or her job satisfaction. Another inherent incentive that produces the same effects is free tuition for the school psychologist’s children if he or she has any. Security and Health Benefits †¦ Randa’s part†¦ Pay for Time Not Worked †¦ Lacy’s part†¦ Employee Services The Age Discrimination in Employment Act requires employers to offer the same group health insurance to every employee no matter what age they are. Employers offer a wide variety of benefits. For companies to be successful in the competitive labor market, firms are fair when offering benefits to employees. This year is the first year employers are offering domestic partner benefits regardless of the person’s sexual orientation and marital status (Casico, 2010). For many years insurance companies only paid out benefits to married couples of the same sex, but because of the diversity of the labor market, firms are being more diverse. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 29 % of private sector workers, and 33% of local and state government workers have health care benefits for domestic partners of the same sex. The benefits vary, depending on the employer and employee characteristics, and whether the domestic partner is of the same or opposite sex (Bureau, 2011). In March 2011, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported paid leave benefits to be the largest available benefit offered by employers, and employers offers 91 % of paid benefits to full-time workers in private industry (Bureau, 2011). Employees offer other work life benefits such as Elder care, child adoption, onsite childcare, subsidized childcare, the ability to convert sick days into personal days, and flexible work schedule (Casico, 2010). Benefits are important and people are committing more to companies because of the benefits. Conclusion Ultimately†¦ need to add some summarized thought that ties the paper together†¦ LTB outlined the compensation and benefits plan proposal for a school psychologist position at the Manzano Day School in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Specifically, the proposal recommended and justified an approach for direct pay, incentives, security and health benefits, pay for time not worked, and employee services; furthermore, it identified any obstacles or potential resistant in implementing the recommended approach. References: Bregn, K. (2010). The Logic of the New Pay Systems Revisited-in the Light of Experimental and Behavioral Economics. International Journal Of Public Administration, 33(4), 161-168. doi:10. 1080/01900690903304175 Bureau of Labor Statistics (2011), Employee Benefits in the United States, Retrieved November 17, 2011 from http://www. ls. gov/news. release/ebs2. nr0. htm Cascio, W. F. (2010). Managing human resources: Productivity, quality of work life, profits (8th ed. ) Roomkin, M. J. , & Weisbrod, B. A. (1999). Managerial Compensation and Incentives in For-Profit and Nonprofit Hospitals. Journal Of Law, Economics, & Organization, 15(3), 750-781. Shriberg, D. , Satchwell, M. , McArdle, L. , & James, J. ( 2010). An Exploration of School Psychologists' Beliefs About Effective Leadership Practice in School Psychology. School Psychology Forum, 4(4), 8-21.

The Genetic Disorder Or Autoimmune Disease How Was It...

A-T Questions A. Who first discovered the genetic disorder or autoimmune disease? How was it discovered? Answer: In 1866, Doctor John Langdon Down. He first described Down syndrome as a disorder, but he misunderstood how Down syndrome arises. The cause of Down syndrome was rather recently discovered in 1959. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder and most common cause of cognitive impairments. B. Is the disease state recessive or dominant? Explain your answer. Answer: The disease isn’t a disease, it is considered a disorder. This disorder can’t be a disease because it is a disorder with having an extra chromosome. It is a disorder because it is caused by the chromosomal abnormality called Trisomy 21. C. Difference between†¦show more content†¦Trisomy 21 is a disorder that is also considered a chromosomal abnormality because it has an extra chromosome added. This causes the abnormality to have Down syndrome. Like in most cases of Down syndrome are not inherited. When the condition is caused by trisomy 21, the chromosomal abnormality occurs as a random event during the formation of reproduction cells in a parent. The abnormality usually occurs in egg cells, but it occasionally occurs in sperm cells. E. is it an autosome or sex linked? Explain your answer. Answer: out of 46 chromosomes, 44 are autosomal. The remaining 2 chromosomes are sex chromosomes. Chromosomal disorder Down syndrome/ trisomy 21: having an extra chromosome for the 21st pair causes Down syndrome. This here would be sex linked because your sex chromosomes are the ones who determine if you are to have the disorder. Also because your parents are the ones who are passing their chromosomes and those sex chromosomes are what makes you. F. what specifically causes the disorder or disease? Describe what happens to which gene. Answer: The most common form of Down syndrome is known as Trisomy 21, a condition where individuals have 47 chromosomes in each cell instead of 46. This is caused by an error in cell division called nondisjunction, which leaves a sperm or egg cell with an extra copy of chromosome 21 before or at conception. To the genes when the cell division occurs is when the extra chromosome goes to find a cell and attaches