American Women During World War II. Essays - Gender Studies

American Women During World War II. America's entry into World War II posed opportunities for American women domestically, yet paradoxically heightened fears in the polity about the exact role that women should adopt during wartime. A central issue that dominated women's lives during this period was how to combine the private sphere of the home, with the new demands of the war economy in the public sphere. Women made significant gains in the military, the war economy and in some cases, in terms of political influence. Yet these gains were misleading for policy makers utilised the female workforce for short-term gains during war, with a long-term goal of seeing women return to the domestic sphere and reinforcing traditional gender roles. Significantly also, American women encountered different experiences of life during World War II since factors such as ethnicity and class largely shaped how women responded to, or were affected by the Second World War. Owing to the critical demand for labour, employers during the war helped to break down traditional gender roles by recruiting women to traditionally male jobs. Government, industry and the media all encouraged women to serve their patriotic duty by taking a job. Throughout the war however, policy makers sent out ambiguous messages to women about what their proper role in American society was. The motive behind this ambiguity rested in the fact that the government feared that the long-term consequences of women in the workplace, since gender roles could permanently be disrupted if women became reluctant to return to the domestic sphere when men returned from war. Many governmental agencies aimed to hinder sweeping changes for American women during the war- particular attention was placed on women in the military. Business associations largely worked independently from the polity, and tensions emerged when women's organisations highlighted the discriminiatory practices of employers. Un ions were also a highly important source of oppression to American women, for men feared that women would gain too much power if...Gender AND WORK BOOK. Moreover, the social and political fear of women in the workplace was largely confusing anyway, for women had worked outside the home in huge numbers ever since the Depression. And yet, after Pearl Harbor , the government issued non-discriminatory directives to recruit women into the workforce since by 1942 , only 29 percent of America's fifty-two million women had jobs. Thus, the War Manpower Commission ( WMC ) was established to actively recruit women so that in the beginning of 1943 the shortage of workers had toppled many sex, race, and age barriers. By 1944 , married women constituted the majority of the female workforce at 72.2 percent, and the issue of married women at work revealed the contradictions of womanpower. At the heart of this dilemma was the fear in the polity that women would become too attached to their new found economic independence, since women were told by industry on the one hand that (the) American homemaker...has the strength and ability to take her place in a vital War industry; yet through the government backed WMC women were told through pamphlets that : Even in a national emergency as critical as this, the welfare of our child ren must be of paramount importance... Implicit in these war messages was the notion that women were contributing to the war economy out of duty to their children and/or their male loved ones fighting in the war. Therefore , in the immediate economic crisis created by World War II , government and industry had little option but to actively seek female employment, although in the long-term, the government, through its propaganda messages, revealed its long-term aim of seeing women return to their natural domain in the home. Many women reconciled this tension by arguing that work outside the home satisfied family needs by providing financial security. Work outside the home was also appealing because it provided emotional bonding between women whose loved ones were fighting abroad. Yet although the war raised living standards, women's long-term position in the workplace was not guaranteed. When women came to plants they faced hostility from male co-workers, and cases of sexual harassment at work were commonplace. Women who worked in factories for example , presented a challenge to gender roles, and

How to Craft an Exploratory Essay on the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini

How to Craft an Exploratory Essay on the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Welcome to our third and final manual: informative guide for an exploratory essay on The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. Here, you will learn how to properly write an exploratory essay, how it’s outlined and some dos and don’ts that will help you write a stellar exploratory essay on the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. We already discussed some topics in our guide 20 exploratory topics on The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini earlier, and facts in our 10 facts on The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini guide. Now, let’s look at how to write an essay on this subject. The Purpose of an Exploratory Essay If you’ve worked on argumentative assignments in the past, you’ll find that an exploratory essay is a bit different from an argumentative essay. In fact, exploratory essays are distinctive from other essay cores out there. Unlike other essays, where you convince the audience with regard to the validity of your thesis or gaining approval on your point of view, exploratory essays introduce problems you’ve discovered in a particular object, book, film, subject, etc. Sometimes, you need to form explanatory conclusions on how the problem can be solved. In order for your exploratory essay to turn out well, you need to keep in mind that it should be retrospective to your writing and introspective to your thoughts. An exploratory essay follows the standard structure to writing an essay, however, it is different in context, which is as follows: How an exploratory essay is written: The Introduction First of all, you should write an overview of your exploratory essay. In your first paragraph, you should outline the problems, its significance, and a brief discussion of the problem’s root causes, the institutions or people involved in it, and some possible solutions to the problem. There is no harm in including the source you’ve used as part of your research. Body Paragraphs Here is how the body of an exploratory essay is written: In the first few paragraphs, you write about the introduction of your source and the reason behind choosing this source as a means of your exploration process. Between the first and last paragraphs, you discuss the information that you’ve found during the exploration process and the information which defines the problem you’ve found. You also discuss the importance of this information and how it’s related to the problem you’ve unearthed. In the final paragraphs, you bring your introspection into play – how the exploration helped you think differently and sort out the problem or, in some cases, led to other sources. Conclusion The conclusion is roughly the same in every essay. You have to reinstate your thesis, review the problem and people or institutions involved and highlight possible solutions to the problem. However, if you haven’t found any solutions and there are a plethora of questions to be answered, it’s recommended that you discuss them here. Be sure to include the sources where you would have looked and other forms of research necessary to find the solution to the problem. That’s it! Now you are ready to write a brilliant exploratory essay on The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. If you have any other inquiries related to this topic, feel free to reach out to us – we are here to help you in any way we can.

The effect of inflation on stock prices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The effect of inflation on stock prices - Essay Example inflation is dependent on the time horizons as it is subject to fluctuations over shorter periods but more stable over a long term horizon (Sharpe Steven, 2000). In the global scenario some companies can react to inflation by raising their prices but this can be affected by the competition as others may not be subject to the same inflationary trends within their own insulated economies ((Little, Ken). Inflation results in the rise in prices of the stocks with no corresponding increase in value with the ultimate loss to the investors in that particular stock. Theoretically the stocks are a good hedge against inflation because a company’s earnings and revenues usually grow at the same rate as inflation (Little, Ken). Some of the good inflation hedge instruments are gold, real estate and money market funds. Different sectors in the stock market show variable response to inflationary trends. Fixed instruments like government securities and bonds tend to be secure investments but y ield very poor returns in the face of inflation as the purchasing power of the currency is greatly reduced and moreover the taxes on the gains accumulated over a period of time negate the interest earned over that span. Investments in stocks are therefore recommended to defeat inflation as it serves as an insulator against the devaluation of money as the companies are themselves more worried about the profitability of their assets and take adequate steps and means to tide over inflationary and other trends affecting stock markets. The art of preserving one’s wealth during recession requires great insight into the market situation and switching funds between risky and safe investment instruments from time to time are the hallmarks of a good investor. The true stock market price after adjustment for inflation is the real indicator of the status of one’s investments. If the stock market goes up at a better rate than the inflation, the profits will depend upon the difference between the two

Discussion Board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Board - Assignment Example This highlights the importance of several types of task analysis such as procedural analysis and concept analysis. Procedural analysis, as the name connotes, is a type of task analysis that focuses on procedures. It is "used to identify the sequential steps for completing a psychomotor or cognitive task (Luppicini, 78)." The nature of this method makes it appropriate in identifying the contents that causes problems, hence, the information necessary in solving them as well. For example, an analysis is broken down into several steps, the first being deconstructing a task being examined into several units. Structures are then determined using tools such as those performance-related matrices. Based on these structures, an evaluation can finally be performed. This demonstrates that, as with the traditional task analysis, procedural analysis is focused on the sequential approach in completing its analytical objectives. On the other hand, concept analysis is a type of cognitive task analysis that is used to represent the structure of an experts thinking (Jonassen, Tessmer and Hannum, 201). It sequences concept characteristics that relate to the concept or concept hierarchy (Olrich et al., p.143). These mean that this particular tool is particularly appropriate in analyzing tasks that are knowledge-based. This characteristic should differentiate it from the manner by which procedural analysis works. It operates through several approaches such as conceptual graphs or concept maps. By articulating knowledge through a systematic visual structure, relationships, issues, questions, problems, and new information, among others are revealed. For instance, a conceptual graph depicts these through nodes that include actions, events, and goals, wherein a specific set of relations exists for a specific type of node (Jonassen, Tessmer and Hannum, 201). Concept analysis can also

Research for the Environment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research for the Environment - Coursework Example Availability of these organisms out of disturbed areas is sources for the ecosystem’s decolonization. Animal behavior and migration helps in managing the ecosystem since the traits of the animals are distinct. Many wildlife species are threatened with extinction, with species disappearing faster than before. The biggest threat is habitat destruction and human greed. Wildlife maintains ecological nature balance and cycles. It has economic value as wild plants provide timber and paper (Carson, 2012). Wild animals produce ivory. A country’s wildlife is its cultural asset and tourist attraction. Pesticides kill bacteria, fungi and insects that destroy crops, are disease vectors, destroy property and cause disturbances. The greatest risk comes from the chemical pesticides. Pesticides may enter the body through skin, eyes or mouth. Farming companies make these pesticides no matter how inept they hurt the environment and the people around (Brian, 2012). Thus, it is advisable to use healthful methods to control pests such as use of organic

Impact of the Textile Industry on Pakistans Economy

Impact of the Textile Industry on Pakistans Economy CHAPTER 1 The study investigated the effects of textile industry on the growth of economy of Pakistan before and after establishment of world trade organization, 1995. The aim of the study was to gain insight about the effects of textile industry on the growth of Pakistans economy. The reason for selecting the topic The effects of textile industry on the growth of economy of Pakistan before and after establishment of world trade organization, 1995 was to explore this topic in Pakistan that how our textile industry is directly affects our economy. Although there are many researches conducted just to explore that how Pakistans economy is affected before and after the establishment of world trade organization. Industry is considered as the basic element of any country especially textile industry contributes significantly to the countrys GDP (Gross domestic product), exports as well as employment. The textile industry is one of the most important sectors of Pakistan. It is, in fact, the backbone of the Pakistani economy. It has a total established spinning capacity of 1550 million kgs of yarn, weaving capacity of 4368 million square meters of fabric and finishing capacity of 4000 million square meters. The industry has a production capacity of 670 million units of garments, 400 million units of knitwear and 53 million kgs of towels. The industry has a total of 1221 units engaged in ginning and 442 units engaged in spinning. There are around 124 large units that undertake weaving and 425 small units. There are around 20600 power looms in operation in the industry. The industry also houses around 10 large finishing units and 625 small units. Pakistani textile industry has about 50 large and 2500 small garment manufacturing units. Moreover, it also houses around 600 knitwear-producing units and 400 towel-producing units. According to Dr. Mirza Ikhtiar Baig (2010) the current global situation of the textile industry and the share of the Pakistan in global textile industry is the main subject of our topic. The textile demand in the world increased massively in last few decades. The global share of the textile increase about 18$ trillion and it is expected to increase 6.5% in future year. China is known as the major exporter country of the textile goods in the world. The world wide textile export is around 400$ billion. The Asian Countries have the major share in global textile export .The share of the china is around 55$ billion, the share of the Hong Kong is around 38$ billion, the share of the Korea is around 35$ billion, the share of the Taiwan is around 16$ billion and the share of the Indonesia is around 9$ billion, India also emerged as the major exporter of textile goods. In case of Pakistan, Pakistan also emerged as the textile exporter in the world. Pakistan emerged as the major exporter of th e cotton and cotton yarn, Pakistan export the 30% of textile cotton yarn and 8% cotton fabric to the world. Pakistan total textile export is 7.4$ billion in 2002 which account the 1.2% share in the world textile export. Pakistan mostly exports the textile raw materials to the world and did not export the value added items, this is the main problem of Pakistan textile sector. Pakistan should learn from Bangladesh who imports the raw cotton from Pakistan and other countries and then made the value added items and export it to the world. If we want to increase our textile revenue then we focus on the value added items in future exports. 1: TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN Nationwide Financial System: Fabric visualization-2005 has been aimed at an open market, unique, market driven and vibrant textile sector, which is globally incorporated, worldwide spirited and fully equipped to abuse the opportunities shaped by Fabric goods are the vital individual necessities after then food. Textile sector in Pakistan playing the important role in the growth of our national economy, it has the big share in our GDP growth rate. It is playing the impotent role in our export sector, employment sector and investment sector. It has the major share in our foreign exchange earnings. It has the largest share in our manufacturing sector. Textile share in overall manufacturing is about 46%; foreign export earning is about 68% and 38% share in services sector. In spite of the governments efforts to diversify the exports sector and as well as industrial sector, the textiles sector of Pakistan still the backbone of industrial activity in the country. FABRIC VISUALIZATION 2005: According to survey (2005) Fabric visualization 2005 is a vision about the new techniques introduce in sector. The vision about the, free entry and exist, barrier free markets, concept of competitive markets, dynamic and innovative which is internationally integrated and fully equipped to exploit opportunities created by the Multi Fiber arrangement at international level. At present Pakistan hold the 8th position in Asian countries Pakistan can take the 5th or 4th position if Pakistan fully exploits the opportunities created by MFA. THE FUTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEXTILE EXPORTS The development of the textile industry is heavily depending upon the GATT rounds which ultimately become the reason of the establishment of WTO in 1995. The main agenda of the GATT rounds is to obligation of quotas system, unilaterally, bilaterally, multilaterally in the textile sector. It means that there will be no quota on textile products. Pakistan is also the member of the GATT rounds and then after the member of the WTO and the benefits of the GATT rules. In GATT rounds and WTO, USA and EU was in favor of the some restriction on Chinas textile exports. Pakistan and India treated most favorite nation because both are the founding nations. 1.1.3. QUOTA NATIONS PART IN PSKISTANS TEXTILE EXPORTS USA 44.5% EU 50% CANADA 1.7% TURKEY 3.6% 1.1.4. STRENGTH AND LIMITATIONS OF PAKISTAN: The share of the textile sector of overall world export is around 6%, which is accounted nearly370$ billion. The share of the clothing goods is around 210$ billion and remaining the share of the yarn and raw cotton. In case of Pakistan, the textile sector has the major share in Pakistan export. The 60% to 70% export of the Pakistan is depend on the textile sector which is accounted nearly 7$billion in year 2002-2003.The share of the raw cotton and yarn is about 30% and share of the fabric is nearly 35% (Ayesha Fayyaz, 2010). 1: The 15 EU members countries are the highly developed countries of the world and they are the main importers of textile goods. On 1st may 2004 the ten others countries are also join the EU, these 10 newly members are comparatively less developed and more economical to compare with 15 countries thus EU companies relocate their units in those countries for cheap textile manufacturing and export more textile goods. The EU export increased and became 11% of the world textile export. 2. The EU members countries increase the employment level in this sector. Thats why they are more focus on development of this sector. The 2.5 to 3.5 million people are employed in this sector. 3. Presently another threat of Pakistani exporter is that if EU withdraws his 0% duty under EU GSP scheme, then Pakistani exporters face the damages in her expert volume. 4. In case of the USA more than one million people are employed in the textile sector. In USA there are thousands of companies who produce the textile goods. The companies mainly in South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Virginia and state of Alabama. These state protested against the 0% duty on textile goods. After the establishment of WTO and Asian crises nearly 250 units shut down and more then two laces people lost their jobs. Thus in 2004-2005 the USA Government impose the quota with different percentage on textile goods. Composition of Quota Goods USA EU CANADA TURKEY TOTAL Fabric 69% 12.4% Quota free 2.2% 21.5% Garments 30% 18.4% 1.1% 0% 49.5% Made Up 7.6% 17.2% 0.6% 0% 25.4% Yarn Quota free 2.2% Quota free 1.4% 3.6% Total 44.6% 52.2% 1.7% 3.6% 100% At present USA will also concentrate on the high tech textile goods to compete the modern world. USA focuses on non-woven, particularly focus on the hygiene products like childrens diapers and wipes, feminine hygiene, adult incontinence and highly end fashion items, particularly for womens wear. USA and EU wants the better market access to their textile products and on the other hand they also want to implement the rules of the WTO on tariffs, quota and intellectual property rights. They also want to implement the rules which are mentioned in GATS and WTO like environmental conditions, laborers facilities, wage rate and tax collection system. Pakistani exporters will prepare to fight these challenges of the modern world. USA imposes safety measures on textile exports, which can also effect on Pakistan exports, but the Pakistani exporters having the chance to get the benefit from the quota restriction on China and Vietnam imposed by the USA in 2005 as cited in Dawn News the Economist Magazines (2000). Corporation in different sectors is key to success; if the Pakistan Government and the private sectors cooperate with each other it is beneficial for the Pakistan textile industry. The government should be encouraged of production of MMF synthetics, and the private sector should be encouraged the buffer stock scheme of cotton and stock pile schemes. The Government should reduce the duties on textile machinery and other equipments. The Pakistan Government should provide the facilities to the exporters to start the business. The cost of start new business in Pakistan is very high to compare with the regional countries so the Government, Ministry of Commerce and Stat Bank of Pakistan should take steps to facilitate the business man. The ministry of Commerce focuses on three weakest links in the textile like dying, marketing and ginning. The Government of Pakistan and State bank of Pakistan should provide loans to the exporters to expand her businesses and improve the quality of the goods at international standard. The interest rate on the loans must be low to compare with market. 1.1.5. RISE IN FABRIC EXPORTS MANUFACTURING IN PAK: In international market there sharp propaganda against the quality of the Pakistan textile products. Pakistan faced the challenges of the high quality and the competition with the regional countries. After the abolition of the textile quota from January 2005 Pakistan surprised the all competitive countries to increase its global share of exports and get additional foreign exchange. Pakistan also improve its quality of the textile products thats became the reason to earn extra revenue. According to The Nations Money magazine (2005) after the abolition of the quota free world trade on textile products the Pakistan textile sector earns 3.6$ billion through exporting textile products, which show the 10% growth over the corresponding period of the last year. The different textile experts having the opinion that the textile exports of the Pakistan is expected to increase 5$ billion during the first six months after the abolition of the quota regime (January June 2005). The total export of the year 2004- 2005 is expected to increase 8.5$ billion. In 11 months of year 2005 the textile industry of Pakistan earn 7.70$ billion worth of foreign exchange earnings, which show the significantly increase in the foreign exchange earnings to compare with the previous years. In May 2005 the textile exports of the Pakistan increase 830$ million as against 650$ million in April, its show the pleasant trend in textile sector of Pakistan. The Pakistani textile manufacturers are very optimistic in nature and want to increase the international share, and they have target to increase the exports around 10$ billion US dollars. The textile industry can achieve this target; if the industry is steadily increase its exports share in the international market. The Pakistani textile manufacturers claim that the textile products such as, yarn, fabrics, cloth and bed linen are the most competitive items in the world, the quality of these products are very fine to compare with other world. These items have a major share in our overall textile exports. They claim that the leading textile producers and the exporters of the world like China, Germany, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka import these products from Pakistan and convert them into high fashion items and export the world. After few months of establishing the quota-free global trade of textile, the knitwear and readymade garment sectors in Pakistan faced a pressure, but now these two segments of the Pakistan textile industry also show improvement in manufacturing of the products. The other segments of the Pakistan textile like yarn, bed linen, clothing, are doing well before and after the new WTO regime. Since 1999 to 2005 a sizeable investment nearly 5$ billion to 6$ billion US dollars are invested in Pakistan, which have pleasant effects on local textile industry. There is huge investment in Pakistan textile industry; this investment developed the textile sector. The investment in the textile sector is divided between different segments of the industry. The spinning has made 46% of the total investment; the weaving sector has made 24%. Textile processing has made 12%, made-up 8%, knitwear and garments 5%and 5% invest in the synthetic textile sector. The textile industry of Pakistan is expected to receive investment more than 6$ billion US dollars by the year 2010 and this investment will increase the capacity and the quality of the products. According Tariq Mahmood Acting chairman all Pakistan mills association The USA imposed some restriction on Chinese textile products; this restriction is also beneficial for the Pakistan textile exporters. The EU and USA gives the bulk of the textile orders to the Pakistan because the Pakistan has the capacity to achieve the target on time. Presently the USA and Europe became the major market of Pakistan textile products, and Pakistan generates large amount of the revenue. . Soon after launching the quota-free international trade under the rules of WTO, Chinese started marketing their textile products vigorously in the USA, Europe and other major consumer countries of the world and wants to capture the local market. This behavior of the china badly damaged the local textile industry of the Europe and USA, and ultimately this became the reason of the trade war between china and EU, USA so the EU and USA wants to impose some restriction on textile products. For the last few days a tug of war started between china and USA on the issues of the revaluation of the Yuan (Chinese currency), Dumping, terrifies and this war between USA and China is beneficial for the Pakistan textile sector. The Tsunami factor had also become the reason of the development of the Pakistani textile industry, because Tsunami heavily damaged the textile industry of the Indonesia, India and Bangladesh. The re-location of the textile industry in EU and USA had also beneficial for the Pakistani textile exporters, because they mostly fulfils there textile needs from Pakistan. They import the different products from Pakistan and used it in her products. The textile industry of Pakistan had equipped itself at the international standard after the abolition of the quota system and imports the advanced textile machinery to improve the capacity and quality. The textile sector invest more than 4$billion US dollars in last four to five years, investment on the latest machinery, infrastructure, communication, expansion, manpower and designing. The industry believes that this investment in industry will comfortably meet the up comings challenges of the advanced world. Cotton is the basic need of the textile industry, and Pakistan is the leading producer of the cotton in the world. Pakistan producing the 12 to 14 million bales of the cotton annually. The Government of Pakistan should take step to promote the research on cotton which increases the production and the quality of the cotton; through research on cotton we can produce the disease free cotton. After the abolition of the quota system the textile industry has believe to need the 16 million bales of cotton annually, the 14 million of bales produce locally and 2 million of bales import from the other countries. If we focus on the research we can fulfils the need of textile industry, and also export the other countries. 1.1.6. Complication and Problems in Textile Investment Lack of road and rail network facilities in the country. Poor management by the different governmental agencies. Bad governance and poor law and order condition in the country (especially in Karachi and Khyber Pukhtunkhawah. Bad image of Pakistan portrayed by the international media and international agencies. Warnings, which are issued by the foreign countries to their citizens to stop travelling of Pakistan is also the big hurdle in Pakistan development. Pakistan is the member of the WTO and signs many international agreements like intellectual property rights and international arbitration agreements which enforce Pakistan to obey the rules. Poor communication facilities are also the major hurdle in Pakistan textile development. Corruption in Governmental department is also the major issue of the Pakistan development. Severe electricity shortfall in the country. Financial instability in the country which became the reason of the decrease in foreign investment. Our utility rates are too much high to compare with the regional countries. Our tax collection system is very weak, which also one of the main hurdle in our development. Energy crises in the country (crises in natural gas/ crises in the accessibility of petrol). The good quality soft water is not available for our textile sector (especially in Karachi). Negative impact of SROs culture. 1.2. MOTIVATION OF RESEARCH: There is a need to explore the factors influencing the overall productivity and development of the textile industry of Pakistan and the problems faced by the textile industry of Pakistan, so that it can help the policy makers to shape the different policies to tackle with the various issues of the textile industry, and it can only be done with the help of the research. There is a need to conduct study on this topic so that it can be beneficial for the individuals as well as the Pakistans economy. The issues faced by the textile industry at current need to be studied and can only be solved through proper policy implications. There is a need to explain the various factors affecting the textile industry of Pakistan so that the policy makers have an idea to explore the responsiveness of the textile industry due to current trade policies which will in turn help them to identify the different policy measures to enhance the textile industry in our country. 1.3. RESEARCH QUESTION: It is believed that the textile industry acts as the backbone of any economy, and the development and prosperity of the economy depends largely on the development of this sector. Here in this research, an attempt is made to study the effect of textile industry on the growth of the economy before and after the establishment of WTO (1995) from 1947 till current. The basic research question arises from the discussion is that whether the textile industry contributed positively towards economic growth in the country? The research tries to find out the accurate answers of this question by using econometric models. 1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: The textile industry acts as the backbone of any economy, and the development and prosperity of the economy depends largely on the development of this sector. This study was conducted how the textile industry is contributing significantly towards economic growth 1.4.1 HYPOTHESIS: H0 Textile industry does not directly related to the development of the economy. H1 Textile industry directly related to the development of the economy CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND According to Dawn News the Economist Magazines (2008), in 1947 after self-rule, only two textile mills were working with 80,000 spindles and 3,000 looms. At that time our domestic need was 8 % only. 1950 The organized development of cotton textile mills started in the late 50s. In 1952 PIDC and in 1953 Vatika Textile Mill at Karachi was organized. 1960 By mid 60s about 180 units of textile bleaching, printing and processing units in Pakistan. A number of spinning units comprising of only 12,500 spindles were set up. Newly established mills were based upon imported technology but there was lack of technical staff and shortage of capitals. Pakistans textile industry has lost its relatively more prominent position of the 1960s and 1970s, and today holds a little over 2 per cent of the world market. Pakistan enjoyed a very dynamic performance in the 1960s, and was among the leading; underdeveloped countries that were emerging in the world cotton textile market. In fact, Pakistans record was quite envious, as between 1962 and 1970 it cornered over 11 per cent of the world market (Admin, 2010). 1970 During the era of 70-71 there were 113 textile units and the industry had 2,605 spindles and 30 thousands looms. After the separation of East Pakistan, Cotton Export Corporation of Pakistan was established this meant that most of the private sector was taken over by the state. The textile industry suffered heavy looses because the export cotton controlled by CEC (Cotton Export Corporation of Pakistan), and the import of machinery was made difficult due to shortages of foreign exchange (Admin, 2010). 1980 This phase brought a relief to the textile Industry of Pakistan. There was a rapid growth in spinning sector. Till 1980-81 spinning continued to expand to 4033 thousand spindles in 203 spinning units, and working capacity amounted to 2833 thousand spindles. The textile sector holds a very important position in Pakistans economy in terms of employment value added and exports. It has the highest manufacturing value added for any industry amounting to 17.5 per cent. Similarly, about one-third of the entire manufactured employment is in the textile sector. In terms of exports, approximately 30 per cent of Pakistans total export came from cotton textiles in 1990/1, up from 20 per cent in 1982-3. Cotton yarns contribution to exports increased from 10 in 1982 to 18 percent in 1990. 1990 Machinery for producing garments and made-up was also freed from import duty. As a result, a huge expansion in the spinning sector took place in the first five years of the 1990s. World demand for good quality, wide width fabrics grew and replacement and a modernization process started. With these developments, production and export value-added items such as bed-sheets and home furnishing started. Structural changes with the replacement of outdated machinery and modernization in the industry still continued in view of world competition. In 1991-92 Pakistan produced a record high crop of 12.8 million bales.1993 to 1998; Pakistan recorded a development of 101% per year in cloth manufacture while its position is third after China and India in the world wide yarn manufacturing. The place of Pakistans textile manufacturing relatively persist and further following the full execution of WTO (World Trade Organization) contract from 2005 beyond when a period of open trade will establish internationally. In 2000-2001 Pakistans Cotton production and consumption was almost equal around 10.45 million bales (Arshiya Fayyaz, 2008). World Trade Organization and textile industry: World Trade Organization (WTO) a foreign organization which support deal between member countries, look after nationwide trade contracts and resolves disputes when they arise (Business dictionary, 2010). According to Kimberly Amadeo, the WTO (World Trade Organization) is a set where associate administration goes, to try to solve the trade issues they face with one another. At its heart are the WTO agreements, discussed and noticed by the volume of the worlds dealing states. But the WTO is not just about relaxing trade, but in some conditions its rules hold up trade blockade for example to defend clients, avoid the increase of virus or look after the atmosphere. World Trade Organizations (WTO) Impact on Textile Industry in Pakistan: According to Jabir Rafique The contract on fabric and clothes, which were ingredient of the Uruguay Round trade discussions; aim to abolish the component of inequity in textile and clothing. An agreement on textile and clothing (ATC) actually does is to give marketplace entrà ©e to developing nations and does these throughout two belongings. A: amalgamation B: development tariff We should not observe the scientific feature of ATC (agreements on textile and clothing) now, but focus on what is happening since January 1, 2005. There is a crowd of questions that would turn into greatly important for trade in textiles and apparel. Pakistans exports of textiles and apparel are probable to rise 8-billion us dollars score in 2003-04 to previous years about US$7-billion exports, current sky-scraping prices of yarn not withstanding. Pakistan will face equally intimidation and opportunities from January 1, 2005. The fundamental problem which will crash exports in 2004, but not yet determined are: Whether the EU (European Union) and U.S.A. will permit carry-forward in 2004 as required by all rising nations. Whether delivery received January 1, 2005 beyond will be free irrespective of the year of delivery or may be, for these, suitable quota permit could be essential, or these supplies may be drove back or taken away by customs. How the EU make a strategy to contract with free activities of supplies from the 10 fresh associate nations which will connect the Europe union on May 1, 2004. Pakistan by no means is capable to completely use part available to it; usually, 25% of the quotas stay unutilized. The proportion consumption of quotas remains unutilized. In 2002, an entirety amount of 4,646 million cube meters be offered to Pakistan from the listed nations. An amount of 1,147 million stays unutilized. Per unit price obtain in 2002; the unutilized value explains US$600 million (Osaka Senken, 2004). Cotton and fabrics have the greatest industrialized base. In the previous years, the section of knitwear, blanket, dry items and chosen stuff of handy clothes have shown an significant increasing trend in exports. Though, the Pakistani cloth mill is comparatively weak in artificial fiber goods, natural fiber clothes and fancy clothing. The impact of complete addition is probable to hit this sector hard. Because of back-loading, the limitations would stay in place till the end of 2004. As a result, no alteration era would be offered to the manufacturing. This unexpected swap from a limited to a open atmosphere would surely attach to the alteration difficulties of untrained units (Osaka Senken, 2004). The further influential feature since January 1, 2005 will be: Skills on which there has not been adequate center until now. The customary vision of negotiators, so as to contemptible employment and a rich delivery of yarn is not true any longer. After that is user flavor. Requirement for cotton and for fabric and clothing is common. So we should develop a spirited benefit on the goods and services that we had a relatively gain on it. While there will be no restrictions on exports; however rivalry from China and the Asian tigers with apparent additions in the non-tariff fence should be kept in view. Uruguay round was established because it was thought that in year 2005 this round would be a round to end other rounds. EU, Japan and other countries made a lobby to initiate a new round. In November 2001, 4th WTO Ministerial meeting, the Doha expansion program, basically the start of a new polygonal trade negotiation round was certified. Fresh problems were raised, and these problems were discussed in 2005. The 5th Ministerial Conference commence in Cancum, Mexico gave the notion that the urbanized world required to eat its cake and have it too. On the other hand the unpleasant act, skill, transformation, important reserves, marketplace, particular tax talks and particular local provision should be followed. To sum up, the Pakistani cloth manufacturing should not relay on usual marketplace, models and conventional ways, because there is no assurance that the offered model will persist as it is.. CHAPTER 3:  LITERATURE REVIEW Dr. Noor Ahmed Mammon, (2010) analyzed the establishment and development of the denim sub sector. According to him, the weaving part in Pakistan generally is paying intense attention to the significant success of the denim sub sector. The clothing industry of Pakistan openly benefits from the latest developments in the denim adding up advanced price to the textile formed in Pakistan. The Denim area in Pakistan still much smaller in terms of scale is leading the system for the whole industry. Aftab A Khan Mehreen Khan (2010) examine the challenges of this decades, and examine that Pakistan faces the toughest challenges in this decades. According to their research the internal condition of Pakistan is very bad and the exporters face the huge challenges. The exporters of Pakistan face crises of electricity breakdown, Shortfall of Gas, high inflation rate, political instability, terrorism, high interest rate, and problem of the foreign visas. According to their report the Government of Pakistan should take steps to solve these problems because textile industry is backbone of our exports. Jodie Keane et al, (2008) examine the job of fabric and clothing industry in enlargement and expansion strategies in developing countries. They propose that textile and clothing industry are significant in economic and social conditions, in the short-run by providing income, jobs, particularly for women, and foreign exchange receipts and in the long-run by providing countries the chance for continued economic growth. According to them, the potential of the fabric and clothing industry to contribute to long-run expansion and progress will depend not only on the characteristics of the investor, but also on the worth as well as efficiency of government policies and institutions in rising countries to put up on this deal. Dr. A. Ali Mohammad Munir (2008) analyzed the Pakistans textile export in international market. They analyze that the share of the bed wear, towels and knitwear has increased over the last six to seven years and they became the major export of our textile sector. The share of the other textile items like hosiery, denim and other textile items remained inactive and changed marginally. The study also tell that after the quota free regime in textile the competition increased too much so Pakistan need to focus on the quality of the product. Afia Malik, (2004) examines the situation of Pakistan textile industry after the establishment of WTO (1995). After the establishment of WTO in 1995 the trade

Philosophical Autobiography in Mahfouzs Cairo Trilogy Essay examples

Throughout the novels of Naguib Mahfouz' Cairo Trilogy, the most noticeable element is the progression of time. In tracing the lives of three generations of the Abd al-Jawad family, Mahfouz manages to structure a chronicle of Egypt during his lifetime that describes not only the lives of the family but the social, political and philosophical change of the entire nation. While it is dangerous to read only for social analysis in Mahfouz' essentially artistic work, the changes in Egypt during the novel make its characters' relationships to a shifting Egypt clear. The character of Kamal is a very intriguing part of this depiction because of his similarity to Mahfouz and the consequent illustration of the changes which seem to have impacted Mahfouz most personally. Kamal can be seen as an essentially autobiographical character as well as a type representing Egyptian philosophical involvement and change between the two World Wars. Kamal is certainly an autobiographical character, though to exactly what degree is not clear. The most obvious similarity is his age: Mahfouz was born in 1911, and Kamal would have had to be born near then as well for him to be 36 by the end of Sugar Street (232). The details surrounding his childhood are undeniably similar as well: Mahfouz was haunted by an infatuation with one of his neighbors for many years, he experienced disillusionment with religion when he found the tomb of al-Husayn to be empty, and he then began to study Darwinism and declared a philosophy major in college. Also like Kamal, Mahfouz did not marry until late in life. In 1946 he started writing this trilogy, in almost exactly the situation of Kamal at the end of Sugar Street, and his mental state may have been similar to... ...an especially valuable character because he offers us a less exaggerated social type than the rest of his family, one who is simultaneously intensely personal to the author and a representative of the whole of Egyptian society. He allows us to see Egypt more clearly by seeing through the eyes of its most notable author. WORKS CITED Abu Ahmed, Hamed. "A Nobelist's Inspiration." World Press Review 36.1 (1989): 61. Mahfouz, Naguib. Palace of Desire. New York: Doubleday, 1991. -----. Sugar Street. New York: Doubleday, 1992. Massuh, Victor. "Interview with Naguib Mahfouz." UNESCO Courier Dec. 1989: 4-6. Moosa, Matti. The Early Novels of Naguib Mahfouz. Gainsville, Fla.: University Press of Florida, 1994. [+] These quotes are taken from an uncited handout given to me by Richard Sutliff that I believe to be from Moosa's book. [+]+ hereafter SS.

Crude oil

Crude oil is a necessity for the emerging as well as the existing industries all over the world. It has the power to affect production because it's a raw material which Is used for producing petrol etc. The fluctuations In the price of crude oil can affect the economy on a large scale. The price of crude oll Is affected by the demand and the supply like any other good. In times of bottlenecks the price Is expected to rise whereas when there is an oversupply of crude oll the price tends to fall. Crude oil prices have varied over the last 50 years.In June, OPEC production fell by 370,000 barrels, this was mainly caused due to hindrances such as conflicts In the Middle East and the production strikes In Nlgerla . As a result this affected the price of crude 011 and It rose substantially. The prices of crude oll were subject to some major fluctuations In recent years. It can be observed that the price of crude 011 rose as much as $140/barrel approximately in 2008. 1n the same year it fel l as low as $40,' barrel approximately. In the years 2010 and 2011 it constantly increased from $80,' barrel and reached a maximum price of $122/barrel approximately.In the years 2012 and 201 3 the price of crude oil fluctuated in the range of $100/barrel and $120/ barrel. High crude oil prices can be responsible for cost push inflation in the economy. Cost push inflation is caused mainly due to an increase in the price of raw material. Crude oil is a raw material and is predominantly used for transportation. Transportation is a vital part of the production process. Increase in the price of crude il would mean that the transportation costs increase. This in turn affects the production cost and finally the high costs fall heavily on the consumers in the form of high prices.The Oil market has been unstable since the 1970's and has been overblown by many serious disruptions. As a result the oil market has lost its market share and people have now shifted to other energy sources availab le . The market for alternative energy sources has expanded as its much cheaper then crude oil. People have now shifted to cheaper fuels such as natural gas, bio-diesel etc. However other ut expensive alternatives of crude oil have also emerged for e. g. Carbon free cars, these are cars which run on rechargeable battery and they are also environment friendly.Crude oil is one of the major energy source and most of the countries still consume It heavily-UK imports crude oll and as a result its suffering from Imported Inflation currently. The crude oil prices are expected to Increase In the near future and this In turn would further contribute to Inflation In the economy. If the prices of crude oll aren't controlled then It can be said that Crude oll will continue to lose Its arket share -In order to bring stablllty In the oll market It needs to get rid of disruptions caused by various conflicts In the oll producing countries. rude oil By ‘hatewar world. It has the power to affec t production because it's a raw material which is used for producing petrol etc. The fluctuations in the price of crude oil can affect the economy on a large scale. The price of crude oil is affected by the demand and the supply like any other good. In times of bottlenecks the price is expected to rise whereas when there is an oversupply of crude oil the price tends to fall. Crude oil barrels, this was mainly caused due to hindrances such as conflicts in the Middle East and the production strikes in Nigeria .As a result this affected the price of crude oil and it rose substantially. The prices of crude oil were subject to some major fluctuations in recent years. It can be observed that the price of crude oil rose as much as $140/barrel approximately in 2008. 1n the same year it fell as low as $40/ barrel approximately. In the years 2010 and 2011 it constantly increased from $80/ and 2013 the price of crude oil fluctuated in the range of $100/barrel and $120/ hare and people have now shifted to other energy sources available .The market for consume it heavily. UK imports crude oil and as a result its suffering from imported inflation currently. The crude oil prices are expected to increase in the near future and this in turn would further contribute to inflation in the economy. If the prices of crude oil aren't controlled then it can be said that Crude oil will continue to lose its market share . ln order to bring stability in the oil market it needs to get rid of disruptions caused by various conflicts in the oil producing countries.

Witch child essays

Witch child essays Moti Iluz Miss. Bensimon Grade 9x 1-27-04 Witch Child I am Mary. I am a witch. Mary Newbury is very different from every other girl; she is faced with a struggle that is very unique. That struggle is between being a country woman and being a witch in Europe during the 1660s. A period where witches were hunted and tortured and killed to take the blame of all problems in society. Marys grandmother did not confess that she was a witch. Yet she was tortured and hung in front of Marys eyes. Mary then had to try her hardest not to show any signs that might lead to peoples suspicion. Mary lived in Europe, a place where people who were different were considered unusual and strange and not accepted. Mary did not want to put herself in danger so she fled to America. But, to her dismay, everyone in America was just as superstitious. In America she acted like a normal, Puritan girl and hid any evidence of witchcraft that may have led to her accusation. Mary made new friends and she didnt tell them her secret of being a witch. Throughout the story Mary is disliked by three local girls and is accused of being a witch. Mary denied it of course to avoid execution. She maintained Puritan values on the outside and she had friends that helped and supported her in this cause. In every way possible she hid her witch background. Mary helped the town in any way possible. She helped mothers give birth, she cleaned houses, she took care of the children, and she cooked, for families. Toward the end of the book Reverend Johnson, the leader and preacher of the town, accused Mary and four other girls of being witches. They were watched by a drunken guy in the woods. He saw them conjuring up spirits to the town. Most of the townsmen were also suspicious of the girls because since Marys arrival...

or females in families Essay Example

Investigate the distribution of malesacute; and/ or females in families Essay Example Investigate the distribution of malesacute; and/ or females in families Essay Investigate the distribution of malesacute; and/ or females in families Essay It states: Investigate the distribution of malesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and/ or females in families. You may choose, for example, to collect data on the distribution of girls in families of three children and to estimate the probability of a female birth. To be able to collect the necessary data for the investigation, I will have to look at families with 3 children. The datum will be collected from pupils in the school I go to. I will collect the data by sending questionnaires to every pupil in the school from year seven (aged 11-12) to year thirteen (aged 17-18) asking them how many children are in there families and how many are male/female. From here the data will be sorted through and only the relevant questionnaires (the ones with three children in their families) will be taken out. A sample size of thirty is thought to be sufficient in this data collection so to collect this number every successful questionnaire was given a number (136 in total). 136 was placed into a graphic calculator which then randomly gave out 30 numbers. It should be noted that the larger the sample size the more reliable the results are likely to be. Hypothesis: The probability of having a boy in a three-child family is above 75 %. The probability of giving birth to a boy is the same as a girl, this can be proved by using genetic code which is below. x y Boy xy x xx xy When these two are mixed there are 4 out comes: Girl xx x xy xx As the probability of a boy and girl has been proved equal a suitable probability model can be chosen. The most suitable model is the binomial probability model. It is also suitable because the probability of giving birth is independent; this means one event is not dependent on the other. In the instance of giving birth it means that if a mother has already had a boy the chances of having another one are exactly the same as if she had given birth to none. The Binomial Model The binomial model must be set so that the probability of having a boy is 0.5 and the probability of having a girl is set at 0.5. The number of times that the event must happen is 3. The binomial model below is an example of how the final model will look it is possible from this to see how the mathematics are carried and set out. N how many times the event happens R Outcomes from the events P The probability of the outcome Using the results that will be obtained from the binomial model it will be possible to calculate the amount of families out of the 30 collected that should have 3 boys, 3 girls, 1 boy 2 girls or 2 boys 3 girls. The 4 binomial models are below: 1 (no boys) 2 (one boy) 3 (two boys) 4 (three boys) Results to Questionnaires Number selected Amount of children in family Amount of boys Amount of girls 1 3 2 1 2 3 2 1 3 3 1 2 4 3 1 2 5 3 1 2 6 3 2 1 7 3 1 2 8 3 2 1 9 3 2 1 10 3 2 1 11 3 1 2 12 3 1 2 13 3 2 1 14 3 2 1 15 3 3 0 16 3 1 2 17 3 0 3 18 3 2 1 19 3 1 2 20 3 3 0 21 3 3 0 22 3 1 2 23 3 2 1 24 3 2 1 25 3 1 2 26 3 0 3 27 3 1 2 28 3 3 0 29 3 2 1 30 3 0 3 Total families questioned Amount of children in family Total male(Possible 90) Total female(Possible 90) 30 30 47 43 What the results show From the data collected it is possible to see that out of the 30 families questioned, four families had three boys, and three families had three girls, 12 families had two boys and one girl and eleven families had two girls and one boy Below is a probability table showing how the children in the families were distributed Number of boys 0 1 2 3 Probability p(X) 0.1 0.366 0.4 0.133 When this is compared to the binomial probability table the results are very similar. Binomial probability table Number of boys 0 1 2 3 Probability p(X) 0.125 0.375 0.375 0.125 Comparing the real lie results to the binomials model shows a very strong correlation. This seems to prove that the odds of giving birth to a boy is the same as a girl, the results also prove that giving to a boy is independent of any births the mother may have had before. Looking at both sets of results it is possible to calculate the probability of having one or more boys in a family of three children. To work out the probability of having on or more boys in a family the probabilities of having one, two or three boys in a family must be added together. Below is the working for the real life and binomial probabilities. Real world 0.366 + 0.4 + 0.133 = 0.899 Binomial 0.375 + 0.375 + 0.125 = 0.875 Therefore it is possible to conclude that the real world model and the binomial show a strong correlation and therefore proving the original hypothesis. They prove that there is not only a higher than 75% chance of having a boy in three but that there is actually a chance of almost 90%

Medieval Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medieval Story - Essay Example The way the story is told is the clue here: Boccaccio writes this as if Pamfilo, the first of his storytellers during those ten nights, is having a great time recounting his outrageous story. In those days, everything narrated in this tale is horrific, especially the corruption of a final confession to a priest. Pamfilo made this character sound entertainingly immoral, corrupt and evil. This is the first tale, which is meant to shock the listeners and prepare them for a series of scandalous stories. And it does: ‘Pamfilos story elicited the mirth of some of the ladies and the hearty commendation of all, who listened to it with close attention until the end.’ (Boccaccio 1348) [My italics.] They really enjoyed wicked tales. The listeners laughed because the way the tale was told suggested that Ciappelletto had a great time deceiving clients, traders and all those he came in contact with: he had a corrupt but wonderful life, full of the wealth he made from devious deeds. This vindicated him in the eyes and ears of the listeners, who were there only to enjoy themselves listening to shameful tales. In those days, it was even sinful to listen to a shameful story, and poking fun at the Church was considered risquà ¨ and entertaining. It was great fun, so the more wicked Ciappelletto sounded, the more he was redeemed, according to the

The oil sands of Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The oil sands of Canada - Essay Example In the first part of the video, the narrator establishes the fact on the demand of oil resources for energy consumption all over the globe. From heating the home to the common city lifestyle, energy generated from the oil is arguably empirical for the contemporary world. But with higher demands and lesser oil reserves, the narrator observes, there is a need to find new ways on obtaining oil resources; and oil sand is this new way of generating oil material. In the 60 Minutes film with the title â€Å"The Alberta Oil Sands,† on the other hand, its main thesis is the growing popularity of Canada as the next country that produces oil resources to the world particularly to the United States. Moreover, the film narrator remarks that the oil companies in Athabasca provide high amount of salary to their workers in order to lure them to work for a long period of time amidst the distance and unfriendly climate condition marked in such region in Canada. And finally, in the â€Å"Dirty Oil† video documentary, the film subtly criticizes the oil sands acquired, processed, and consumed by oil companies for the reason that this oil type greatly harms the human habitat and the environment. In watching these films, the most surprising part to me was the fact that sands can be a substitute for oil. Well yes, not all sands, nevertheless, the truth remains that tar sands -- an uncommon type of sand -- can be converted into energy. There is a need, of course, to process this particular sand type through modern technologies prior to its oil conversion. I must admit that technology or its invention is no longer surprising to me. With vast array of gadgets and technological items visible in the modern world, I seem to find technology per se as something quite common. Perhaps the reason why I am surprise to know about oil in sand is because the term â€Å"oil† is widely defined in terms of liquid form. Meaning to say, the oil resource is acquired in its liquid form and is not processed extensively using sophisticated technological equipments and techniques. In the long span of my life, it has been inculcated in my brain that oil is not solid but liquid. And seeing or knowing oil in sand is very mind twisting to me. Of the three films that I agree the most -- with respect to thesis or main idea -- is the Dirty Oil video documentary. In this film, the argument is substantially taken from the environmental perspective. It is true that America and the rest of the world are addicted to oil. Nonetheless, as the documentary argues, there are consequences to the choice of utilizing oil as an energy-generating medium. The tar sands, for example, are taken into the factory for processing and conversion to usable oil. The dilemma created in this sort of process method is an environmental one: gas emission that pollutes the air. Conversely, the Dirty Oil film gives a recommendation on how to produce or create energy without necessarily destroying the nat ural ecology and environment: via wind energy among other environmental friendly energy technology. On the other hand, the AOSP and 60 Minutes films are largely framed in the organizational, economic, and political spheres. In AOSP, the narrator merely states the companies that comprise the oil project prominent in Canada. One of the rationales for pursuing this project is to provide the world with oil reserves amidst its demand for energy. Admittedly, I do not agree to this line of argument. For one, energy can be generated or created without