The Arab-Israeli Conflict and its Correlation to Cold War Tensions Term Paper - 1

The Arab-Israeli Conflict and its Correlation to Cold War Tensions - Term Paper Example nger held the status of power, and U.S and Soviet Union were regarded as the two superpowers thus fueling the Cold War tensions that would dominate the coming decades. Rothwell (2001) claims that the end of Second World War led to the collapse of League of Nations and subsequent formation of the United Nations that oversaw the creation of State of Israel in 1948 thus fueling the Arab-Israel conflict. From the Soviet Union perspective, the large Germany population in the Eastern Europe countries was a potential threat to another war and Western allies were determined to secure a lasting peace in Poland and neighboring countries through the expulsion of the Germans (Peitsch, Burdett & Gorrara, 2006). Accordingly, Soviet Union wanted to exert its influence on the satellite states and ultimately entrench communism ideals and punish German for the collective atrocities and brutalities during the War (Uris, (2011). The Arab-Israel conflict has similarities with World War 2 and Cold War since all the wars entailed expansionist doctrines since Germany desired to expand their territories while Israel expanded its territory during the war (Rieber, 2000). The Arab-Israel War led to expulsion of thousands of Palestinians from their land in order to create a homogenous Jewish society and expand the territory in order to create military defense lines. The Cold War period was dominated by development of nuclear arsenal, proxy wars, propaganda, technological competitions and psychological warfare since the US and its allies wanted to contain the powerful Eastern bloc countries and challenge the Soviet Union. The destruction of Versailles settlement and growth of Germany hegemony over Eastern Europe led to fundamental changes in the ethnic composition of the population in neighboring countries and ultimately triggered German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Snyder (2013) asserts that the initial expulsion entailed evacuation of Germans due to advancing Red Army in mid 1944

Hacker Essay Example for Free

Hacker Essay The advancement of information technology spans a lot of areas of our lives. Information technology has made a huge difference in industry, agriculture and services. This in turn boosts up the productivity of the society. However, the development of computer technology also leads to many security problems in our modern society. There has emerged a group of computer savvy people who seeks and exploits weaknesses in a computer system or computer network. Their motivation has put many questions on debating table. On the one hand, many people contend that a hacker is a dangerous person who will probably destroy the whole world’s computer system. On the other hand, others argue that hackers are not dangerous and not causing harm. This essay will discuss the two sides of the coin with regard to hackers with relevant examples. First of all, the definition of hacking and hackers need to be clearly understood so as to have an insight into hacking. Hacking can be defined as any kind of computer crimes. Pirating is the most popular form of hacking, which relates to the stealing information from written software programmes. In the computer security context, hackers are people who try to find the weaknesses of the computer network and exploit the information from software. Hackers may be encouraged by a variety of reasons, for instance profits, protests, or challenges. Hackers can be categorised into the three types, which are black hats, grey hats, and white hats. Black hat group or cracker is expertise in carrying out the harmful to the computer system. A grey hat is a hacking group that will not violate the law and help the government to defend the system. However, grey hat will apply the same methods to revert to black hat approaches. The white hat hacker has their own abilities and professional computing skills to protect the malicious threads and they can work for the government as security consultant or security analyst(Tim,2004). It is a common view that hackers are a threat to individual users, business and society as a whole. Hackers usually look for the bankcard details through breaking into the baking computer systems. With the information about customers of the banks, they can steal a huge amount of money, which cause a financial crisis to individuals. At the organizational level, regarding information of the organization such as research business plan or even financial reports is always involves with hacking. Digital database of the customer is also one of the target of hackers, with hackers stealing names , addresses, emails and financial data from organizations. Such a loss of data to a samall business may cost a competitive edge or the complete loss of a customer base, effectively ruining the organization. On the other hand, a business that involve in computer hacking may gain the benefits of data providing the competitive edge and access to the new customer bases through hacking. Personal or political data gained through computer hacking could serve as leverage in business or political dealings(Markoff, 2005). At the society level, apart from financial damage which is similar to individuals, hackers may hack into the national infrastructure system or business system then can control the electrical power plants, transportation, gas, and oil which called the threats of cyber terrorism(Moore, 2005). Moreover, for the military purpose if hacker could access to the system they can track the military movement or even know the exact position where the military camps are set. Compared with other terrorist methods, cyber terrorism needs only few personal and few inputs to achieve their intentions and does have to be physically attacked(Eric, 2012). Cyber terrorists can actually operate their mission from a distance to create damage from a distance and the security agents cannot find them because they change IP address to hide their address and finally it becomes the most challenge issue for the government agents to indentify and capture them(Eric,2012). However there are some positive consequences that hackers bring to the safer security environment of the organization. It is thought that hackers are not always a harmful to the society but have significant role to protect the society from attackers. Over the years computer-related crimes have become more sophisticated. New network security is become more important about defending and documenting defenses. People are finding out about firewalls and putting them up and also find out about VPN server security and actually instantiate VPN servers. It is normally not about modeling an attack the method an attacker would. Those are very different things. With a view to enhancing the network security, some popular practices have been applied. or example, ethical hacking is looking for the weakness in the network system under operations, portfolioing these loopholes and finding the solutions to compensate those weakness by reinforcing some features of the system to prevent likely attacks from computer crimminals( Tim ed al. , 2004). Hacking is also widely being used to rectify data security issues for busin esses. Certain types of hackers such as Grey hat works with businesses to strengthen the security system by assisting the company whereby seeking out the weaknesses of the system. For instance, Gregory Evans who ever caught because of criminal hacking, is now working for the US government as a security consultant(Markoff, 2005). Furthermore, Brand innovation has included one of the advantages of hacking. Hacking can be employed to increase the revenue of the company by using of acknowledgement of hackers to create some new ideas and destruct the old products. In order to implement this, hackers must have to go through the system and change the brand’s code(Tim, 2004). In conclusion, it is a bias- based opinion that people can conclude when looking just only at the downside of the hacking. However, there are some good perspectives of hacking. I personally believe that hackers are not always causing harm, but help the security system to protect the system from other hackers. All things considered, hackers, together with hacking, are not always dangerous. They could act as a driving force for all the computer programmers to unstoppingly correct all the weaknesses in the system and discover new and more effective software.

Pestel Analysis Of The Steel Industry Economics Essay

Pestel Analysis Of The Steel Industry Economics Essay Indian steel is doing well from many years. Steel industry is contributing near about 1.2% in the total GDP. Because of the industrial growth and other important developments happening all over the world the so rapid rise in demand of the steel is observed in this sector. The major players in the steel industry are SAIL (Steel Authority of India.) TATA STEEL and ESSAR STEEL. Indian steel mainly contributes in the finished steels, semi-finished steel, pig iron and stainless steel. Private sector plays very important role in the Indian steel industry. The private sector in the steel industry contributes approximately 2/3rd of the total market of the steel. With the growing position steel industry is supporting in the continuous growth in the economic. Asian countries are in the lead with the production of the steel, china is the top producer among the Asian countries which are contributing high a supply of the steel in the international market.419million ton of the steel is produced only in the china. In past 6 years there are many acquisitions and mergers are happening in the steel industry. May be this could be the one of the reasons behind this tremendous growth globally. After the china country, Japan, India, and South Korea. India is contributing total of the 53million ton steel in global market. The japan is producing only 9% of the steel which is contributed to the global steel market. India is also one of the major counties in the production of the steel. The east, south, and west regions are important for the steel industry in India. The rapid expansion is expected in the east region, Orissa because the availability of the superior raw material. In India because the vast availability of resources and major industry player s India is enjoying the boom in this sector which are responsible of the growth in the GDP according to the survey which is done by the DEUTSHE BANK where the analysis is done with detailed survey of 34 economies in nation. It is observed that India will enjoy the average growth of 5.5% in between the year 2006 to year 2010. The average is observed for the, where as 5.4% to the Malaysia. The opening up the economies in the global market is responsible for the high investment in the industry sector where lots of acquisitions and mergers are happening in the industry. The PESTEL ANALYSIS of the industry is divided into five parts which can be discussed as follows: P- political analysis E-economic analysis S- socio -culture analysis T-technological analysis E-environmental analysis L-legal analysis. POLITICAL ANALYSIS: Political analysis includes the factors which can influence the business. It is included the political factor which includes the policy offered by the government to the specific sector. Here for this sector government introduces the National Steel Policy. The main aim for the introduction of this policy is to fill the gap between the demand and supply of the steel. To maximize the production is also main activity is designed under this policy. To increase the production up to million ton is also the main objective of the policy. Under this policy the special incentives are designed for the steel sector. Incentives like the cut in the duty, zero duty on imports, provision of the land and other infrastructural facilities are the facilities provided for the steel sector. Under this policy the government is encourage to the use the full opportunities available in the PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PATNERSHIP (PPP). With the growing industry the government is increased the sales tax from the 15%to 20% where as 75% FDI (foreign direct investment) is allowed in the industry this scheme also provides the various concessions in the custom duties. Though there is a rise in the infrastructure facilities in the country but considering the steel industry the present condition of the infrastructure is not sufficient in the nature .because of the lack in infrastructure steel industry is facing many problems ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS: STEEL industry is concern to be a very booming industry from past decades. Opening up with the various economies the foreign direct investment is the happened in this sector the various foreign players are interested to invest in the country. Under the various economies schemes there is permission in advance licensing scheme which allows the duty free imports of raw material for exports. But, with the boom in the industry GDP is rising at very slow rate. The steel industry is also facing the problem of the subprime crisis occurs in the united states before 15 months. Because of the subprime crisis there is ill effect occurs in the automobile industry, infrastructure and other business which are related with the steel industry. There is huge gap between the demand and the supply of the steel in the society. SOCIO- CULTURE: The socio culture is one of the important aspect in the analysis of the industry it describes the impact of the particular industry on the society. Likewise the steel industry also give the encouragement to the permanent employment to the people but on the other hand it divides the area in to the rural and urban sector because the industry is only in the particular area only which leads to the particular development of that area only and not overall the development . because of the working conditions the people which are employed in the steel industry faced many health problems which are incurable in the nature and many industries are not paying the attention on the health of the employees. Any kind of the allowances are not given to the employees. Steel industry is also responsible for the development in the rural sector which leads to the rise in the standard of the living of the people. TECHNICAL: The traditional technologies are being used from many years in the industry. There is no innovation in the use of the technique in the production process. The Tata steel is developing the same technique is by which the encouragement is given to the trading of the steel. Tata and sail introduces the online trading of the steel. Only the electric furnace is being used now days in the production process but because of the fluctuations in the energy there is wastage in the raw material. The basic technologies are used in the production process are basic arc, induction furnace and electric furnace which are outdated in the nature. Sail the one of the leading steel industry India is planning to set up a plan with PASCO for using the latest technology named à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"FINEXà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. ENVIRONMENTAL: Though the steel industry is encouraging the many sectors and the encouraging the development it is creating the unfavorable environment in the nature. The all leading industries are following the environmental acts which are declared by the governments, though it is creating very bad impact on the environment. Many industries are using the pollution control equipment and energy saving equipment but that is not sufficient in the nature. The least importance is given to the environmental aspect. But the Tata steel is encouraging the ecofriendly system, to reduce the emission the co2 gas during the production process. Tata is developing the Ultra-Low Carbon steel making where there will be reduction in the environmental loss. LEGAL: Government is introducing the various rules and regulations of this particular industry. The government is about to paying the more attention in the health policies of the employees which are working with the steel industry. Special health incentives and rules are introduced in the steel industry. Conclusion: From above discussion and surveys we come to know about how the pestel analysis is done in the industry we also come to know about the political, economic, and technical aspect are important for the development of the particular industry if these factors are not in the supporting in the favor of the industry then the industry may face some consequences. REFERENCES USED: www.wikipedia.org. www.scribd.com

The Virtuous Pamela of Virtue Rewarded Essay -- Virtue Rewarded Essays

The Virtuous Pamela of Virtue Rewarded      Ã‚  Ã‚   Samuel Richardson began his literary career when two booksellers offered him the opportunity to amass a publication for unskilled letter writers. While preparing this volume, a small sequence of letters from a young lady asking her father's counsel when endangered by her master's advances, entranced him. His enthrallment resulted in a shift in his work. The result was the tome Pamela; Or, Virtue Rewarded. The book has been subject to much inquiry. One such question critics ask is if the main character, Pamela Andrews, is truly virtuous or a convincing hypocrite. By understanding the character of Pamela, one must conclude Pamela is a truly virtuous young lady.    First, Pamela regards her virtue very highly. In the first letter from her parents, they write, "...the loss of our dear child's virtue would be a grief that we could not bear (46)." Throughout many of their following letters, her parents continue to warn her to be on guard of her virtue. Furthermore, as a poor girl, Pamela's virtue was all she had to offer a future spouse. In one letter, she tells of an account with Mr. B. In this account she says, "For heaven's sake, your honour, pity a poor creature, that knows nothing, but how to cherish her virtue and good name: I have nothing else to trust to (62)." After escaping captivity, she contemplates taking her life before renouncing her virtue.    Moreover, Pamela's virtue stems from her being a devout Protestant Christian. Throughout her letters, Pamela refers to Scripture over thirty times. Furthermore, she calls upon God numerous times in prayer. Moreover, after kidnapping Pamela, Mr. B. detains her for six weeks. Throughout her captivity, Pamela laments n... ...arriage bed is a gift of God. She looks on the prospect of such an established man with joy and happiness.    In conclusion, Pamela's virtue is a virtue of the very highest. She regards it very highly. Second, her virtue takes root in her Protestant Christian heritage. Thus, the Bible would guide her ethics. This high ethical standard manifests itself throughout the attacks of Mr. B. His attacks upset Pamela to a high degree. Outside of marriage, Pamela can never yield her innocence. Moreover, marriage seems impossible. Yet when Mr. B. humbles himself by giving his troth, Pamela becomes excited at the prospect of marriage. When married, she will no longer have any virtue to protect. She will marry as an unsullied bride.    Work Cited: Richardson, Samuel. Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded. 1740. Ed. T.C. Duncan Eaves and Ben Kimpel. Boston: Houghton, 1971.

Emily Dickinson Essay

Emily Dickinson’s great skill and unparalleled creativity in playing with words and their connotations in her attempt to convey to the reader the power of a book are evident. In this poem, she is considering the power of books or of poetry to carry us away from our immediate surroundings to a world of imagination. Her poem is suffused with (full of) metaphors, as she is desirous of likening a book to various means of transportation. To do this she alludes (allusion-noun) directly to concrete objects such as â€Å"frigate,† â€Å"coursers† and â€Å"chariot,† which carry archaic (ancient) connotations. The difficulty inherent in the use of these vehicles has to do with the reader’s knowledge concerning the properties and characteristics evinced by a â€Å"frigate,† â€Å"coursers† and a â€Å"chariot. † The poetess associates the swiftness of a â€Å"frigate,† â€Å"coursers† and a â€Å"chariot†Ã¢â‚¬â€as well as their use to explore new lands and seas—with the power of a book or poetry to usher (lead, guide) us into another dimension, perhaps shrouded (covered) in mystery but definitely rewarding. If the reader is not acquainted (familiar) with these means of transportation that reigned supreme, so to speak, centuries ago, he / she is denied access to the meaning that the poet seeks to impart by means of these vehicles. But Emily Dickinson does not limit herself to these vehicles alone; the whole poem is reminiscent (suggestive) of a past era when people used â€Å"frigate[s],† â€Å"coursers† and â€Å"chariot[s]† to travel â€Å"lands away. The words â€Å"traverse,† (to cross an area of land or water) â€Å"oppress,† (stress) and â€Å"frugal,† (simple and inexpensive) with which the poem is interspersed—all of them are of Latin origin, thus lending it a formal hue. She has been careful to choose kinds of transportation and names for books that have romantic connotations. â€Å"Frigate† suggest exploration and adventure; â€Å"coursers† beauty, spirit and speed; â€Å"chariot,† speed and ability to go th rough air as well as on land. Chariot reminds us of the myth of Phaethon, who tried to drive the chariot of Apollo (Greek god of sun), and of Aurora (Greek goddess of dawn) with her horses. How much of the meaning of the poem comes from this selection of vehicles and words is apparent if we try to substitute steamship for â€Å"frigate,† horses for â€Å"coursers,† and streetcar for â€Å"chariot. † How would the poem sound if, instead of likening a book to a â€Å"frigate,† â€Å"coursers,† and a â€Å"chariot,† one resolved to use a â€Å"Mercedes Benz,† a â€Å"GMC† or a â€Å"Porsche† to convey the same meaning, that of speed and swiftness? Emily Dickinson’s shrewdness in selecting the most appropriate diction is superb and undoubtedly holds up a mirror for the reader to see what it is that she had in mind when writing the poem. On a more technical note, related to the rhyme scheme, it is obvious that the poem is written in open form or in free verse (from the French vers libre), as indicated by the lack of a regular rhyme pattern, as a parallel to â€Å"prancing poetry† or the power of a book to carry you to foreign â€Å"lands† where no man has ever trod before. Liberated from the confines and shackles of rhyme, Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"There is no frigate like a book† makes a permanent impression on the reader, as it â€Å"entangles†¦ a part of the Divine essence,† to quote W. B. Yeats. Allusions in There is no Frigate like a Book 1. The story of Phaeton In Greek mythology, Phaeton or Phaethon was the son of Helios (Phoebus). Perhaps the most famous version of the myth is given us through Ovid in his Metamorphoses (Book II). The name â€Å"Phaeton† means the â€Å"shining†. In the version of the myth told by Ovid in the Metamorphoses, Phaeton ascends into heaven, the home of his suspected father. His mother Clymene had boasted that his father was the sun-god Apollo. Phaeton went to his father who swore by the river Styx to give Phaeton anything he should ask for in order to prove his divine paternity. Phaeton wanted to drive his chariot (the sun) for a day. Though Apollo tried to talk him out of it by telling him that not even Zeus (the king of gods) would dare to drive it, the chariot was fiery hot and the horses breathed out flames. Phaeton was adamant. When the day came, Apollo anointed Phaeton’s head with magic oil to keep the chariot from burning him. Phaeton was unable to control the fierce horses that drew the chariot as they sensed a weaker hand. First it veered too high, so that the earth grew chill. Then it dipped too close, and the vegetation dried and burned. He accidentally turned most of Africa into desert; bringing the blood of the Ethiopians to the surface of their skin, turning it black. â€Å"The running conflagration spreads below. But these are trivial ills: whole cities burn, And peopled kingdoms into ashes turn. [3] Rivers and lakes began to dry up, Poseidon rose out of the sea and waved his trident in anger at the sun, but soon the heat became even too great for him and he dove to the bottom of the sea. Eventually, Zeus was forced to intervene by striking the runaway chariot with a lightning bolt to stop it, and Phaethon plunged into the river Eridanos. Apollo, stricken with grief, refused to drive his c hariot for days. Finally the gods persuaded him to not leave the world in darkness. Apollo blamed Zeus for killing his son, but Zeus told him there was no other way. This story has given rise to two latter-day meanings of â€Å"phaeton†: one who drives a chariot or coach, especially at a reckless or dangerous speed, and one that would or may set the world on fire 2. (Aurora, goddess of the dawn, equivalent to the Greek goddess Eos ) In Roman mythology, Aurora, goddess of the dawn, renews herself every morning and flies across the sky in her chariot, announcing the arrival of the sun. Her parentage was flexible: for Ovid, she could equally be Pallantis, signifying the daughter of Pallas,[1] or the daughter of Hyperion. 2] She has two siblings, a brother (Sol, the sun) and a sister (Luna, the moon).. In Roman mythology, Aurora, goddess of the dawn, renews herself every morning and flies across the sky, announcing the arrival of the sun. Her parentage was flexible: for Ovid, she could equally be Pallantis, signifying the daughter of Pallas,[1] or the daughter of Hyperion. [2] She has two siblings, a brother (Sol, the sun) and a sister (Luna, the moon). Rarely Roman writers[3] imitated Hesiod and later Greek poets and made the Anemoi, or Winds, the offspring of the father of the stars Astraeus, with Eos/Aurora.

Mobile Voting System Essay

The proper execution of democratic rights has become linked to the availability and reliable functioning of advanced information and communication technology (ICT). Countries all over the world are implementing computerized voting system for it has some striking advantages over traditional paper voting. Designing an air-tight and reliable computerized voting system is therefore a great task, in that, the system that must be developed must protect the privacy of the voters and electoral candidates, be easily understood and used by the entire voting populace – no matter who they are or where they come from. This project MOBILE VOTING SYSTEM is designed to allow users spontaneously vote on issues with any of the most widely used PDA technologies ( e.g. GSM, laptops, iPad, iPhone etc.) with ease and as much security as possible. Chapter One: Introduction Introduction Elections are understood to be the key of democracy all over the globe and voting is one of the electoral routes that ensure the continuity of democratic system in any civilization. Voting is a formalized way of allowing the general public or a group of people make their choice on administration matters in a free a fair manner. However, voters now lose confidence in the voting process due to fact that election rigging and riots is graduating and assuming a dangerous dimension. Most people now believe that even when they are given the chance to participate in the ongoing election process, their leaders will still be chosen through selection and not the results of the election, others concluded that paper ballots simply couldn’t be counted, even though businesses, banks, lottery systems, and other entities in our society count and deal with paper all the time. Times are changing. We now live in the Internet era, where decisions can be made quickly enough, and there is a perception that anyone who does not jump on the technology bandwagon is going to be left far behind. Businesses are moving online at astonishing speed. The growth of online interaction and presence can be witnessed by the exponential increase in the number of  people with home computers and Internet access. Despite the natural eagerness to treat our election process as the precious, delicate and fragile process that it is, the question of using the new advances in technology to improve our elections is natural. Adding mobility to the voting system (i.e. ability to vote anywhere at any time) is another added strategy to the growth of our voting system. Statistics has proven that more than  ¾ of the world’s population has at least one of the common PDAs. Ability to vote on phones will boost our voting system to a large extent. Statement of Problem There are various factors responsible for flaws in the traditional paper voting system. Chief among the factors include Incompetency on the part of the electoral commission to act as an umpire in the electoral process Do-or-Die syndrome of the contending parties to capture political power by all means Numerous incidence of violence/riots Hoarding of the electoral box by a contending party Low turnout of voters as compared to the number of registered voters; this issue could be attributed to the lack of mobility in the electoral process. Lack of trust in the electoral process by voters due to historical mishaps of insecurity. Objectives Any alternative to the traditional ballot box voting must not compromise the fundamental rights of citizens to express their free political will without any technological, psychological or any other restriction or bias. Mobile voting system provides the following set of objectives: To provide a security tight voting system. To provide a voting system that has compatibility with as many mobile PDAs as possible. To encourage participation in the balloting process by many voters who are currently discouraged by the time and inconvenience of having to attend at a physical location. Significance of the Problem Mobile voting system when implemented will be of great benefit to humanity since in one way or the other, democratic election is part of human lives. It would make obsolete the need for ballot boxes and papers, because the system would simulate these, it provides options to conduct voting in a centralized and decentralized manner, time management, reduced total cost of the election, ability to vote anywhere and anytime thereby increases the efficiency and effectiveness of the voting system. Though, the initial cost of developing Computerized Mobile Voting Systems would be high but the long run effects would be that election costs, processes and time would drastically reduce. In essence, the benefits from the implantation of this project can never be overemphasized. Chapter Two: Literature Review Introduction: This chapter includes a critical look at the existing research and case studies that have significance with this research project. It has been done by consulting other people’s work in order to understand and investigate the problem of the research project. In conducting literature review, scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research or theory has been surveyed. After reviewing all materials, a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work is granted. The automation of business and governmental processes has long been a success story in many countries. As the use of mobile phones for voice and data communication increase, users continue to demand for more services to be offered by mobile phones due to the comfort they present. Recently a number of governments have employed e-voting systems in some of their elections and referendums using mostly computer terminals and a few with mobile voting systems. Theoretical background This project is a Web application to be developed with the major web technologies having: Database Design, Queries and Connectivity (PHP and My  SQL) User End Design (HTML, CSS, JAVASCRIPT) Server Testing (XAMP/WAMP SERVER) Testing (Internet Explorer, Chrome, Firefox) Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML) is the predominant markup language for web pages. It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based information in a document by denoting certain text as links, headings, paragraphs, lists, among others and to supplement that text with interactive forms, embedded images, and other objects. HTML is written in the form of tags, surrounded by angle brackets. The following is an example of an HTML code fragment that assign a title to this web application: Mobile Voting System  is the start tag. is the corresponding end tag and â€Å"Mobile Voting System† is the content of the element. Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) defines how HTML elements are to be displayed. It is a collection of styling rules. Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP ) is an open source server side programming language extensively used for web scripts. It is a popular server-side scripting language designed specifically for integration with HTML, and is used often in conjunction with MySQL in web applications. It is available on many platforms, including Windows, Linux and Mac OS. the following is an example of a php script that MySQL: an open source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL), the most popular language for accessing, querying a database. Because it is open source, anyone can download MySQL and tailor it to their needs in accordance with general public license. WampServer/Apache Server : WampServer is a free server bundle that uses Apache server. When installed on the system, it includes Apache, MySQL, and PHP. Apache is a popular web server that many Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and individuals use to host web pages. I installed Apache as a web server on the system. Created web pages are stored in the system’s special  folder, www directory in the local disk, in order for pages to be viewed. Review of Related Literature Mobile voting combines technology with the democratic process, in order to make voting more efficient and convenient for voters. Mobile voting allows voters to either vote by computer and any Personal Digital Assistance (PDAs) either from their homes or at the polling station. Brazil is a world leader in electronic elections, having conducted them since 1990. The elections in October 1998, was one of the largest electronic elections in history, with over sixty million voters casting ballots by computer for local and national candidates. 57 percent of the voting population – voted electronically in elections for local, state and 30national offices.

Criticism Of Anne Tyler Essays - Emotions, Positive Mental Attitude

Criticism Of Anne Tyler Essays - Emotions, Positive Mental Attitude Criticism Of Anne Tyler The Pursuit of True Happiness Anne Tyler has said that she uses the family unit to show how people manage to endure togetherhow they grate against each other, adjust, intrude, and protect themselves from intrusions, give up, and start all over again in the morning, (Applebee et al. 1007). From this quote, a reader can assume that Tyler encourages perseverance and courage. Life all too often presents challenges, but it is how you handle those challenges that matters. Throughout many of her fictional works, characters are placed in unsettling conditions that take a toll on their lives as a whole, usually in a negative way. These unhappy characters seek escape from familial relationships, marriages, and friendships in order to pursue a fantasy, leading to a better personal life. Quite often while reading Anne Tylers fiction, the reader is introduced to characters involved in tremulous relationships within the home. Many of the domestic interactions appear to be ridden with tumultuous and agitated feelings that fall along the brink of disaster. Once this occurs, the characters find escape from their situations in pursuit of a better personal life. One such character is Samuel Grinstead who appears in Ladder of Years. Sam comes from a very tightly reigned family where the decisions even those concerning his future, are primarily made by the parents. It is not as if they do not have good intentions, but they feel that the goals they have set for him should be the only ones he pursues. Sams parents feel that if he attends law school, he will attain the ideal life that they have planned for him. Sam has no such intentions; instead, he goes against his parents original intent and applies to medical school. He thus leaves home, and upon finishing school moves to Ro land Park where he joins a family practice. It is there that he meets his wife, Delia, and raises his family. Sam finds contentment in his decisions and does fulfill his dreams of success, but he does so on his own. He rebelled against his controlling parents because he had aspirations of his own; he had dreams that did not coincide with his parents, yet he did not let that hold him back. The end result is a life with no regrets and full of much happiness. Another character that feels restrained by his parents is Donny, who appears in the short story Teenage Wasteland. Donny feels restricted by his parents when it comes to his scholastic work. He often feels that they come down on him too hard and expect too much from him. When he is referred to a tutor due to poor grades he receives in school, the response seems to be a positive one. The tutor, Cal, provides a relatively restriction-free environment that appears to be like a club, but in due course does not benefit Donny in the least (Wasteland 1003). Even while with Cal, Donny struggles with school until ultimately he is expelled. A confrontation occurs with his parents, which results in his departure from home. Donny is never heard from again, and it can be presumed that he attains the life of freedom that he longed for. While running away from ones problems is not ever the best thing to do, for Donny it was his only option. Since he found no happiness from within his family nor fro m anything else in his town, he sought escape in order to attain a better life on his own. Yet another instance of a characters escape from a family situation is seen within Your Place Is Empty. Hassan Ardaui finds that living with his family in his native country of Iran is too consistent as well as conventional. He abandons his family along with his traditional Islamic beliefs that entail his remaining at home and raising his family alongside his mother and father, just as they had done before him. Hassan chooses instead to follow his own aspirations. He immigrates to America where he pursues a career as a doctor in a very prestigious hospital. Hassan, upon arriving in America, meets and falls in love with Elizabeth. They marry and move into the suburbs where they begin raising

Effects Of National Culture Essays

Effects Of National Culture Essays Effects Of National Culture Essay Effects Of National Culture Essay Since 1988. our universe has changed in a myriad of ways. As absolutisms have risen and fallen and new democracies have formed. the political civilization of our society is much different than in the old ages of the late Cold War. In add-on to political alterations. new engineerings. including the universe broad web and orbiter communications have allowed people in different states to pass on much more efficaciously. This research in this paper is really out-of-date. non taking into history the new market. trade Torahs. involvement rates. or other economical factors of today’s international concern universe. The article. The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode. was written in 1988 by Bruce Kogut and Harbir Singh. of the Stockholm School of Economics and the University of Pennsylvania. severally. The writers believed there were several agencies of entry into foreign markets. including joint ventures. entirely owned greenfield ( get down up ) investings. and by acquisition. The writers examined these methods in deepness and analyzed the agencies by which the concerns non merely started up. but operated in foreign markets every bit good. The writers reviewed statistics. informations. and literature. and formed hypothesis as to which methods were being used most. and in what industrial sector ( s ) . The first means that some concerns entered and operated in a foreign state is through the acquisitions method. The acquisitions method entails buying a sufficient sum of stock to command the primary portions of a certain company. This method might be considered buying out a foreign company already in being. However. as currency exchange rates and involvement rates fluctuate on a day-to-day footing. this would be trickier in today’s market. For illustration. 20 old ages ago. the dollar. the Nipponese hankering. the Canadian dollar. and the Indian Rupee were deserving really different sums. More significantly. the Euro was non in usage. as many of the states in Eastern Europe in peculiar. were under communist control. Today. as states have become more cognizant of these fluctuating rates. it might be harder or riskier to come in a market through the acquisitions method. In add-on. free trade Torahs and ordinances besides regulate who can purchase what and how much in a foreign market. The 2nd means is a joint venture method in which two or more houses portion the assets and net incomes of a certain company. Again. the same jobs might be as in the acquisitions method. with fluctuating currency exchange rates impacting net income. For illustration. if a concern operated in both China and the United States. as economic systems changed and foreign revenue enhancement Torahs changed. the company could fall under fiscal strain. The influence of house experience on entry pick has played a outstanding function in several of the surveies using the Harvard Multinational Enterprise Data Base. In their pioneering survey on the ownership construction of American transnational houses. Stopford and Wells [ 1972 ] found joint ventures. relation to entirely owned activities. were less likely to be chosen. the more cardinal the merchandise to the nucleus concern of the house and more experience the house had in the relevant state. Similarly. they found that selling and advertisement strength. every bit good as research and development strength. discouraged the usage of joint ventures. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) This mentality would do sense. as it is difficult to run a successful concern in one civilization. allow alone concern about selling. advertisement. and research costs. It besides would do sense that two states might non react the exact same manner to a concern program and selling techniques. The 3rd agencies of entry is a greenfield. or start-up. investing. wholly new to the foreign market. While some of the challenges of revenue enhancement Torahs. currency exchange. and involvement rates would besides impact this means. the biggest obstruction might be the cultural barriers. Although the universe is acquiring smaller each twenty-four hours thanks to the cyberspace and orbiter communications. 100s of linguistic communications and idioms are still spoken throughout the universe. This might take to a communications job if a alien attempted a greenfield investing. Besides linguistic communication barriers. selling and advertisement techniques would necessitate to be researched in order to be effectual in a new state. The writers argue that joint venture is about a cross between the two other methods. greenfield. and acquisitions. Many surveies. as discussed subsequently. hold treated greenfield and acquisition as stand foring alternate entry manners. with joint ventures being merely a inquiry of the grade of ownership. This attack implies that entry and ownership involve two consecutive determinations. the first make up ones minding whether to put in new installations or to get bing 1s. the 2nd 1 on how ownership should be shared. Whereas such an attack is clearly defendable on both theoretical and empirical evidences. we treat joint ventures as a pick made at the same time with other alternate manners of entry. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) For this ground. joint ventures can be described as a grey country in foreign concern acquisitions. For illustration. if a company bought out another 1. or merged with another company. while retaining some of the concern patterns and/or staff. it would likely be considered a joint venture. The writers theorize that Greenfield entry is the best manner. or at least that was what they believed in 1988. Due to the trouble of incorporating an already bing foreign direction. cultural differences are likely to be particularly of import in the instance of an acquisition. Indeed. empirical surveies on largely domestic acquisitions have shown that post-acquisition costs are significant and are influenced by what Jemison and Sitkin [ 1986 ] name the organisational tantrum of the two houses. They define organisational tantrum as the lucifer between administrative patterns. cultural patterns. and personal features of the mark and parent firms ( Jemison and Sitkin 1986. p. 1471. Gross saless and Mirvis [ 1984 ] papers in item the administrative struggles following an acquisition when both houses differ strongly in their corporate civilizations. In contrast to the integrating costs of an acquisition. a joint venture serves often the intent of delegating direction undertakings to local spouses who are better able to pull off the local labour force and relationships with providers. purchasers. and authoritiess [ Franko 1971 ; Stopford and Wells 1972 ] . Thus. a joint venture resolves the foreign partner’s jobs resulting from cultural factors. though at the cost of sharing control and ownership. Unquestionably. a joint venture is affected by the cultural distance between the spouses. But such struggle should non befog the original motive to take a joint venture because the-initial option of incorporating an acquisition appeared more riotous than deputing direction undertakings to a local spouse. Of class. a joint venture may be troubled non merely by the cultural distance of the spouses. but besides due to concerns over sharing proprietary assets. A entirely owned greenfield investing avoids both the costs of integrating and struggle over sharing proprietary assets by enforcing the direction manner of the investment house on the start-up while continuing full ownership. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) In 2008. concerns would confront some of the same challenges as in 1988. such as the cost of integrating. struggle of sharing proprietary assets. and administrative and direction differences. However. as more and more concerns have gone planetary. most states would hold contracts and attorneies specifying clear parametric quantities on such inside informations. The writers came to this decision by proving two hypothesis. The first focused on cultural differences. Kogut A ; singh ( 1988 ) said that. The greater the cultural distance when the state of the investment house and the state of entry. the more likely a house will take a joint venture or entirely owned greenfield over an acquisition. This hypothesis chiefly focused on the costs of running and pull offing a concern from a greater distance. The 2nd hypothesis as stated by Kogut A ; Singh ( 1988 ) stated that. The greater the civilization of the investment house is characterized by uncertainness turning away sing organisational patterns. the more likely that house will take a joint venture or entirely owned greenfield over an acquisition. As with all terra incognitas. a foreign company could non be expected to cognize the exact manner a concern and selling program would be executed and responded to in a foreign market. Basically. the information found that uncertainness was the chief ground companies tended to shy away from acquisitions and enter the market through a greenfield or joint venture method. This ground would still keep true today as the universe market fluctuates and recessions come and go. The surveies besides noted that the methods of entry into a peculiar market varied depending on the merchandise. service. or industry. There is a clear difference in industry forms among the manners of entry. Joint ventures are comparatively more frequent in pharmaceuticals. chemicals and electric and nonelectric machinery. Acquisitions occur chiefly in natural resources. fiscal services. and assorted fabrication industries. Chemical and electrical machinery are particularly attractive industries for greenfield investings. At a higher degree of collection. acquisitions tend to be comparatively more common than other manners of entry in nonmanufacturing sectors of the economic system. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) The article. since it was written 20 old ages ago. analyzed informations chiefly from the industrial sectors of resource. paper. chemical. crude oil. metal. gum elastic. machinery. electrical. transit. and instrumentality. It had some analysis of informations in communications. wholesale. fiscal. and other services. Now. in 2008. the list would include a batch of new informations for engineering. car. computing machines. and pharmaceuticals. to call a few. The list would besides be inclusive of client service outsourcing. a pattern common among many engineering and computing machine companies. Furthermore. new countenances have been imposed on some natural resources. It may non be possible. for illustration. for a foreign company to come in and command an oil field. a diamond mine. or a rain forest. Such companies might be required to work jointly with a company in the state they wish to make concern. therefore maintaining it a joint venture slightly. In 2008. any analysis of entry into foreign markets would besides advert the oil trade. and the complexnesss that accompany it. As the recent struggle in Iraq has shown us. cultural differences and political challenges may halter easy trade and puting up concern in a in-between eastern state. In the following few old ages. as new cars are developed to hopefully non be as oil-dependent. the market will alter yet once more. Another difference in cars are the inflow of foreign autos to the United States. and the continual race to develop the most fuel-efficient auto amongst rivals throughout the universe. The article analyzed informations chiefly from the United States. Western Europe. and Japan. It found differences based on these states. Again. there are strong differences among the manners of entry. For Japan. 46 of its 114 entries are joint ventures. Whereas Nipponese acquisitions are non common. Nipponese houses have a high proportion of the entirely owned Greenfield investings. Scandinavia and. particularly France. besides thin towards joint ventures. United Kingdom represents the other extreme ; 111 of its 141 entriesare acquisitions. with the balance equally divided between joint ventures and greenfield. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) Twenty old ages ago. the European Union was non in being and many Eastern European Countries were under communist regulation. therefore intending they had really different Torahs. ordinances. and concern patterns than they do today. The Euro was non yet a currency. so trading and making concern amongst European states was besides really different. Besides. the article makes small reference of a really new powerful force in the planetary market: China. As China has made enormous economic and technological additions in this decennary. it has begun to non merely rule the universe market. but besides branch out and make concern in foreign states. This relationship is mutual as European and American concerns are besides looking to come in the Chinese market at the same clip. Another point the article looked at which is really different today than 20 old ages ago is the size of concerns. They sought to understand whether or non larger concerns entered a market normally one manner. while smaller concerns did something else. Obviously. while larger houses may hold had more resources to get. smaller houses may hold had the flexibleness to make so more often. It stands to ground that the larger the investment house. the greater its ability to get. Despite the logic. the empirical grounds is assorted. Dubin [ 1975 ] found that smaller houses tended to get comparatively more often than big houses. though he did non command for other factors. In his cross-sectional trials. Wilson ( 1980 ) confirmed Dubin’s findings. However. these surveies drew upon entry informations of the largest corporations of the United States and other European states. Caves and Mehra [ I9861 survey did non curtail their attending to entries of the larger corporations. Their consequences showed that the size of the entering house is positively and significantly related to entry by acquisition over greenfield. Because acquisitions require by and large more fiscal and managerial resources than joint ventures. size of the foreign firm’s assets should be positively correlated with the inclination to get. Conversely. acquisitions are discouraged. the larger the assets of the American spouse. mark house. or investing size. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) In 2008. this may or non be the same. as houses in certain industries may hold grown and merged. while others may hold decreased in size and divide up into more specific companies. Besides. the loaning patterns and investing patterns are different today than they were 20 old ages ago. so a company may hold more ways through which to get start-up capital necessary for operating in a foreign market. The article besides examined why certain companies may come in a foreign market. Twenty old ages ago. non all states possessed the engineering. accomplishments. or resources needed for some concerns. This caused companies to come in foreign markets to acquire what they were missing in their ain state. The old empirical surveies have assumed. nevertheless. foreign entry was normally for the intent of market entree or low cost fabrication. Clearly. foreign entry into the United States may be motivated in order to beginning engineering or purchase trade name labels. The more diverse motivations of puting in the American economic system make it more hard to subscribe the structural variables. For illustration. houses from R A ; D-intensive industries might joint venture if they possess the needed engineerings but lack the selling deepness. Or they may be given to get if they are puting for engineering sourcing. Similarly. houses from marketing-intensive industries might prosecute in a joint venture if they possess the trade name label but deficiency other resources along the value-added concatenation. Or they may get if they are puting for market incursion and deficiency label acknowledgment. Stopford and Wells [ 1972 ] found that American houses prosecuting an advertising-intensive scheme be given to full ownership of their abroad subordinates. Their informations is drawn. nevertheless. from a clip when American houses were puting overseas with clear strategic advantages. For our survey. it is every bit likely that foreign houses are puting in the United States for engineering and trade name label acquisition as for the development of their proprietary assets. No anticipation is made. hence. on the marks of the coefficients for R A ; D and Advertising. ( Kogut A ; Singh 1988 ) . In 2008. as natural resources have been discovered in other parts of the universe and new engineerings have emerged. states that were once chiefly importers are non exporters. and states that chiefly exported. now import more from elsewhere. As the playing field alterations every twelvemonth. it’s of import to observe that states will be go oning to seek for the following best topographic point or resource to assist turn their company. Besides. thanks to the cyberspace and a computer-savvy coevals. it is possible that some states will non necessitate outside aid advertisement or selling. or with brand-name acknowledgment. If the article were to be re-written today. evidently new informations would necessitate to be collected reflecting the alterations of the last 20 old ages. including new industrial sectors. new companies. and more states. The research workers would necessitate to besides distinguish between a few things. First. they would necessitate to look at a specific industry. because. as they stated. the agencies of entry vary greatly depending on the industry. For illustration. one might come in a foreign banking market really different than had they entered a foreign market purely to use their natural resources or labour force. Besides. the article did non look plenty at the cultural facet of the concern universe. It would be derelict non to detect that there are some civilizations who object to aliens making concern in their state and would non react to foreign concern programs. For illustration. the United States and European states might successfully get or get down a concern in China or Japan. yet non be every bit successful in a Middle Eastern Country. In decision. sing the article is over 20 old ages old. and the information was even older. the writers did a great occupation of analysing informations and look intoing concern tendencies and foreign market entry manners. It provides a great penetration into the past and the mentality of the times. before new trade Torahs. instant communicating. and most significantly. new merchandises and services used by people worldwide. As societies change every twenty-four hours. as 3rd universe states become first universe. and new drugs are developed to bring around a myriad of conditions. the lone certainty is that 20 old ages from now. we will be in a really different concern universe as a consequence of our actions today. Mentions Caves. Richard. E. 1982. Multinational endeavor and economic analysis Cambridge. U. K. : Cambridge University Press. Dubin. Michael. 1975. Foreign acquisitions and the spread of the transnational fi. D. B. A. thesis. Jemison. D. B. A ; S. B. Sitkin. 1986. Corporate acquisitons: A procedure position. Academy of Management. Kogut. Bruce. and Harbir Singh. 1988. The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode. The Journal of International Business Studies k S. Mehra. 1986. Entry of foreign multinationals into U. S. fabrication industries. In M. Porter. erectile dysfunction. . Competition in planetary industries. Boston: Harvard Business School. Gross saless. A. L. A ; P. H. Mirvis. 1984. When civilizations collide: chromaticities in acquisition. In Pull offing organisational Stepford. J. A ; L. Wells. 1972. Pull offing the transnational endeavor: Organization of the house and ownership. New York: Basic Books.

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Assignment One Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Why Individuals Find Change Difficult to Achieve - Case Study Example As the discussion outlines, people accomplish personal change when they are willing to give up comfortable ways of thinking and acting. Change is ‘hardwired’ if an individual is attempted to it through training, efforts and some practical works. ‘Hardwired’, a term normally used in neuroscience, means that qualities are fixed and are in place when people are born; and these qualities are ready to be activated or triggered by their genetics or in response to their concerned environment. More specifically, people are hardwired if they do not serve willingness to a specific change, but they are ready to change due to special training or hard working on it. It is how change becomes difficult for some people. In attempting to change, often people need to use more information and intense energy in processing new materials. This in turn requires the brain to work hard. People use intense energy if they are less skilled or having less preference. This is also anothe r reason why individuals feel change a difficult attempt. The article stressed that change is always possible, but it needs efforts. Personal change is motivated by pleasure and avoidance of pain. Change is not hardwired when the individual has an aspiration toward a specific role and it requires greater influence. Avoidance of pain is a motivator as an individual is prompted to become compassionate or promoted and thus he tries to change. Personal change occurs only when an individual move through four steps; awareness, analysis, alternative and attack. First, the individual realizes that something is not working, and then reflects on what something needs to change. Next, the individual seeks alternative options for change and then he decides on a course of action. It is well documented from the research findings that individuals and organisations usually resist changes.

Global Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

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Global Issues - Essay Example In the Hurricane Katrina, one of the international disasters, the role of the state in providing human security came under sharp criticism. The state failed to provide the required human security, resulting to the severe impact of the Hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Katrina is one of the largest natural disasters that US has encountered in its history. The hurricane left over 1800 people dead and ten thousands were left homeless and lacking basic essentials, making it the deadliest and most destructive disasters in the US. Moynihan notes that the response plan for the disaster was integrative and involved both the intergovernmental and international actors.1 However, it is indisputable that the US government was responsible for preparing for such a calamity as well its alleviation as part of its obligations to provide human security within the country. However, in the disaster response plan, the government was inefficient in collecting the bodies of the victims as well as coordinating the international actors. The whole process was punctuated with disagreements especially on the assignment of the rescue responsibilities. Resultantly, the state was unable to act swiftly to reduce losses and to rehabilitate those who lost property in th e disaster. From this perspective, it is apparent that the government failed to provide human security. A problem-solving attitude is crucial for any government that intends to secure its public to future life risks. The US is one of the countries that have emphasized on the need for disaster planning including recognition of its roles in preventing disasters and reduces loss in case of a happening. Katrina happened 3 years after the formation of the department of Homeland Security and one year after the formation of the Disaster response plan2. The purpose of the disaster response plan unit was to prepare for disaster management and to provide the public with security when such events

Analysis of Amores Perros Film by Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu Essay

Analysis of Amores Perros Film by Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu - Essay Example This paper would try to look at how Mexican history is actually portrayed in the movie. In order to achieve this, the researcher would try to look into three main themes: the background of the different people behind the production of this movie (especially the director and the screenwriter), the contemporary socio-cultural, economic, and political contexts during the showing of this film, and on how the film itself portrayed or provided a representation of Mexican society from the historical elements in it. In discussing such themes, the researcher would try to answer the following questions: Does the background of the director and the screenwriter, especially in their class origin, heavily influenced their view of Mexican society, and on how it was portrayed in the movie? How did the film try to represent contemporary issues in the movie (including socio-cultural, political and economic issues)? Did the film attempted to identify the historical roots of the complexities of todayâ⠂¬â„¢s Mexico City as portrayed in the movie, or did they isolate significant historical developments from their portrayal? Body The director behind the highly acclaimed â€Å"Amores Perros† is director Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu. Inarritu, born in Mexico City in 1963, actually came from a middle-class family (Deleyto and Azcona x). Not having the resources that the Mexican elite possessed, he started to make a living as a deejay at one radio station, all while he was actually studying filmmaking (Deleyto and Azcona x). In addition, by the 1990s he then started to become one of the youngest producers of the Mexican television station Televisa, which also happened to be one of the premier television stations in the country (Deleyto and Azcona x). For most of the 1990s, Inarritu devoted his time in making commercials, until he finally met Guillermo Arriaga towards the end of the decade (Deleyto and Azcona x).  Ã‚  

Psychoanalytic Perspectives of the Oedipus Mythology Essay Example for Free

Psychoanalytic Perspectives of the Oedipus Mythology Essay Patricide and incest form the thesis and message that Sophocles began with the creation of Oedipus the King. In the plays that followed, Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone, Sophocles expounded upon what would become one of the most profound archetypes in psychoanalysis. To best interpret the Oedipus trilogy, a look will be taken into the construction of the plays themselves, followed by an interpretation of the plays’ parallels and the inception of the Oedipus Complex based upon a psychoanalytic perspective. To begin with, Sophocles wrote what became known as the Oedipus trilogy over a period of more than forty years which indicates the profound immersion that he plainly had in the Oedipus saga. Each play is a self-contained chronicle representing his dramatic theme of redemption from the sin of patricide and incest, and yet, the arch between the three Theban plays highlights the message that Sophocles refused to relieve himself from, and which consumed nearly his entire life. While this may seem of little importance to reading the Oedipus trilogy itself, Sophocles did not write them in the order represented in nearly every anthology. As David Grene notes, â€Å"as far as the legend is concerned, the story runs in sequence: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone† (p. i). Their order of conception, instead, went: Antigone, Oedipus the King, and then Oedipus at Colonus (p. i), which presents a few inaccuracies within the story itself (mainly with the character and actions of Creon, Jocasta’s brother). From this birth order, â€Å"the series, therefore, cannot have formed a [true or literal] trilogy†¦beyond the fact that each of the three plays deals with the situation in the Oedipodean family history, there is no unity of theme or treatment between them† (Watling). Moreover, â€Å"except for the obvious links of fact connecting them, each constitutes a fresh approach to a distinct and self-contained problem† (13). Roughly, this means that while most anthologies present the three Theban plays in a chronological order for the character Oedipus, the fact remains that each could be read without knowledge of the others and the same theme and message would be received—which, based upon Sophocles’ life-long obsession with the story, must have been his justification for the story that kept evolving. The reasoning behind the order and placement of the plays within anthologies is sound, however, because, while the stories may be self-contained, the arch of Oedipus is the link that literally turns the plays into a trilogy. In Oedipus the King, Oedipus, as prophecy had predicted, kills his father, King Laius, and marries his mother, Queen Jocasta, bearing at least four children in the process who, in the play Antigone, are revealed as Antigone, Ismene, Eteocles, and Polyneices. After learning of his horrible actions, Oedipus exiles himself as he had proclaimed would be the fate of the brute capable of murdering King Laius, and subsequently blinds himself in the hopes of finding redemption for his unforgivable sins. While Oedipus at Colonus is the second play in the anthologies, it is the literal ending for Oedipus. He is taken to the city of Colonus by his loving daughters, Antigone and Ismene, because, as he had learned from the oracle in Oedipus the King, he was meant to find his final resting place there. Moments before his end, Oedipus realizes that his sins of patricide and incest weren’t truly sinful because he committed the acts out of ignorance alone, and it is in this moment, and despite everything he has faced in his quest for redemption that Zeus absolves Oedipus of his sins and he passes, with peace, into the afterlife. In Antigone, Oedipus is little more than a plot reference to get the play started. His only mention is in the opening lines and is that, following his self-imposed exile from the city of Thebes in Oedipus the King, Oedipus had made a prediction that his sons would be arrogant enough to fight over his throne and kill each other. Thus the play begins with the deaths of Eteocles and Polyneices. The play itself follows the actions of Antigone and her husband Creon, who is the cause for much speculation from most scholars due to his not-so advanced age. As the timeline goes, Creon is Jocasta’s brother and would have been Oedipus’ senior by many years or, at the very least, would have been as old as Oedipus himself. As Antigone is Oedipus’ daughter, and Creon is said to be â€Å"a vigorous middle-aged father of a youthful son† (Watling, 13), scholars debate as to the accuracy of Sophocles’ character creation and question as to his motives in retelling the story in as many forms as he did, with an outstanding flaw. Creon’s deviation notwithstanding, it is the minor and insignificant role of Oedipus in the play Antigone that marks the main reason that most anthologies place Antigone last in the order of the Oedipus mythology, even though the timeline would, as Sophocles thought in writing them, place Oedipus at Colonus last, due to the play’s depiction of the last days of Oedipus’ life. This, in itself, is significant in understanding the psychological aspects of the Oedipus trilogy. Now, while readers will never know the true meaning behind the order of the Oedipus mythology, the fact remains that Sophocles wrote within an archetype and character arch with the intentions of presenting his dramatic theme—and it took three tries to get it out as he desired. What he created, however, demonstrates a truth about the self-discovery of the individual and the path to redemption that marks a significant aspect of the growth of the human being. To best define this journey, a psychoanalytic perspective will now be taken into Sophocles’ main theme and message. From an analysis of his work, Sophocles â€Å"shares [a] concern with finding truth in a world of appearances and is influenced, even if indirectly, by the new theories about language: the problem of the relation of words to reality, and the power of words to deceive, to win unjust causes, and to confuse moral issues† (Segal, 7). More, the plays are â€Å"almost certainly a response to events of [his] period. An unexpected, supernatural-seeming disaster suddenly sweeps away brilliant hopes; confidence in human reason and calculation is shattered, and greatness swiftly turns into misery† (9). Sophocles saw the rise and fall of powerful nations, and it makes sense that he would take what he had seen and created his rendition of events that had transpired in a literary form that he could show the world. And it is from this basis that scholars have debated over the purpose and parallels behind the two main cities present within the plays of Sophocles. Often, the city of Athens is compared to a man’s relationship with himself, whereas the city of Thebes represents the conflict between man and his father. Indeed, â€Å"the figure of Oedipus [is] a distillation of Athens at the height of its power, energy, daring, intellectual curiosity, and confidence in human reason† (Segal, 11). As the historical context of the city of Athens was surely an influence in Sophocles’ making of the Oedipus trilogy, a direct parallel from the destruction of Athens to the destruction of Oedipus the powerful leader can be drawn. More, â€Å"it is even possible that Oedipus’ search for who he really is reflects something of a communal identity crisis in a city that had undergone a massive transformation in a short time and had refashioned itself from a rather quiet, traditional aristocracy and tyranny in the sixth century into a radical, intellectualized democracy and a powerful empire† (Segal, 11). This parallel, of Oedipus to the grand city of Athens, does much to lend weight to Sophocles’ theme of destiny and the gods marking a path for man. For, as Athens rose in power, so too, it fell because it committed sins and transgressions to great to find redemption from along the way. As for the city of Thebes, there lies a direct correlation to Sigmund Freud’s theory of conflict between man and his father which represents a direct parallel to Oedipus’ exile from the city of his king-making. Freud suggested that â€Å"the play fascinates us so much†¦not because it dramatizes ‘the contrast between destiny and human will,’ but because ‘there must be something which makes a voice within us ready to recognize the compelling force of destiny’† (Segal, 59). From this theory, Freud defined that the â€Å"‘destiny’ is the universal necessity to which all of us (or at least all males) are subject—namely, the wishes that remain from our buried animal nature to kill the father and possess the mother† (59). And it is this destiny upon which Sophocles created his foundation and archetype. As a basis for his theory, Freud determined that the oracle was a direct parallel to the subconscious mind, citing that â€Å"this disguising of Oedipus’ unconscious desires in the form of an oracle from the gods not only lets the unconscious become visible but also accounts for the feeling of guilt that we have about these unconscious desires, even though we are not guilty of any crime† (Segal 59-60). Even more, Freud speculated that â€Å"Oedipus’ eagerness to punish himself, with no attempt at self-defense, corresponds to the inner conviction of guilt that stems from these unconscious desires† (60). Because Oedipus immediately set out to punish himself and find redemption for his actions, despite the fact that he did them in ignorance, then, suggests that in his subconscious, Oedipus did indeed have desires to kill his father and physically and sexually possess his mother. For, as Freud theorized, in his actions following his revelation, Oedipus confessed his own guilt. If, perhaps, Oedipus had sought to defend himself on the basis that he didn’t know his father and certainly had no affections for his mother, having grown up the adoptive son of another, the theme may then have been interpreted differently. However, as Freud was so certain, there is much to be said about the actions of Oedipus in correlation to the guilt he felt. The subconscious mind had a profound impact on Oedipus, even though he knew nothing of the birth parents he was prophesized to destroy. For Freud, the archetypal constructs of the Oedipus mythology was so absolute that he dubbed it the â€Å"‘Oedipus Complex’†¦[which] denotes each person’s attitudes and behavior in his or her most intimate family relationships, especially to mother and father†¦[and, to mature into a normal adult, the child] must somehow come to terms with the residue of repressed infantile hatred and desire for his or her parents† (Segal, 60). The Oedipus Complex, in modern psychology, is applied to the study of actions in relation to the subconscious desires that exist in every child. Even more, Freud’s theory has become common in the vernacular of psychology to the extent that scholars use the term, perhaps, without even grasping the full meaning behind the cleverly, yet aptly, named psychosis. The Oedipus Complex is based upon two main ideals: that of the matriarchal relationship to the child and the patriarchal relationship. The two are separated by this relationship and define the growth and development of the child. Moreover, â€Å"matriarchal culture is characterized by the emphasis on ties of blood, ties to the soil and the passive acceptance of all natural phenomena†¦[while a] patriarchal society in contrast is characterized by respect for man-made law, by the predominance of rational thought and by the effort to change natural phenomena by man† (Armens, viii). To better define the difference, â€Å"in the matriarchal concept all men are equal since they are all the children of mothers and each one a child of Mother Earth. A mother loves her children all alike and without (limiting) conditions†¦the aim of life is the happiness of man and there is nothing more important or dignified than human existence and life† (viii). In this, to draw a parallel back to Oedipus, the child has (whether he realizes or understands it) a desire to be with the woman who created him because of her earth-mother nature. The desire of every man is to be with a woman who understands everything and will love unconditionally—and that figure, from the start of life, happens to be the mother. However, â€Å"the patriarchal system, on the other hand, recognizes obedience to authority as its main virtue. The principle of equality is replaced by a hierarchical order in society and state, ruled by an authority just as the family is dominated by the father† (Armens, viii). It is because of this very concept that boys contain within them (whether known to the conscious mind or not) the desire to overthrow their father and become the leader of the hierarchy. More, men, by their very nature, contain the desire to become like their fathers, to achieve the power that they may possess, to be the biggest, strongest, fastest titan in the industry. With a full understanding of the Oedipus Complex, a final parallel can be drawn to the path of self-discovery that Oedipus’ entire life is consumed with. As Sophocles had directed, Oedipus â€Å"dramatizes the lonely path of self-discovery† (Segal, 13). And it is in this path that the true nature of Oedipus is revealed. For, the path that he must take is a perilous expedition, not only through the ascent of age, but in the self discovery that every man must achieve to live a fulfilling and successful life. However, it is on this path that Oedipus also meets the very destiny that his parents had hoped to terminate with their preemptive strike. In this, Oedipus is the â€Å"paradoxical combination of knowledge, power, and weakness† (13). He is strong as a king and husband, yet, when he learns the truth of his actions, he crumbles into a despair so deep that it consumes his entire life—and it isn’t a short one. Unequivocally, Sophocles began his thesis with the creation of Oedipus the King and introduced what would become one of the most profound archetypes in psychoanalysis. Throughout the trilogy, the archetypes that Sophocles presents â€Å"[become] a profound meditation on the questions of guilt and responsibility, the order (or disorder) of our world, and the nature of man† (Segal, 12). More, â€Å"the play stands with the Book of Job, Hamlet, and King Lear as one of Western literature’s most searching examinations of the problem of suffering† (12). In looking at the events that transpired throughout the three Theban plays, Sophocles’ main theme that, in any life, destiny and fate will create a man’s destiny; more, the gods have the divine right to tamper with a man’s destiny in the hopes that he will, one day, find redemption from his sins, is rendered by the Oedipus arch throughout the plays. Overall, the three Theban plays, Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, and Antigone, form the trilogy that founded the most profound archetype in literature and psychoanalysis. Sophocles created the character of Oedipus to highlight his theme of self-discovery and the path to redemption, making it clear that Oedipus, despite his ignorance, would repent until his final moments for his unforgivable sins. However, it is in those final moments that Oedipus finds true absolution and redemption for the subconscious guilt that placed the fantasy of patricide and incest into his desires. And, based upon a psychoanalytic perspective, the theory behind the Oedipus Complex renders the message and main theme of Sophocles’ Oedipus mythology. Works Cited. Armens, Sven. Archetypes of the Family in Literature. Seattle: University of Washington, 1966. Grene, David and Richmond Lattimore, Trns. The Complete Greek Tragedies, Vol II, Sophocles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959. Segal, Charles. Oedipus Tyrannus: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993. Watling, E. F. , Trns. The Theban Plays. Maryland: Penguin Books, 1947.

Unemployment During The Recession Economics Essay

Unemployment During The Recession Economics Essay The unemployment rate is one of the key variables that policy makers are interested in. There are different causes of unemployment and it is very difficult for governments to determine which causes are most important and how to deal with them. The two main types of causes of unemployment can be split as demand-sided and supply-sided. The unemployment has both economic and noneconomic costs (McConnell and Brue, 2005). The economic costs of unemployment are; (i) decrease in income and output which is measured in terms of the GNP gap and, (ii) burden of unemployment is not distributed equally among employees especially during recession periods (Petroff, 2002). On the other hand, loss of self-confidence, social and political conflicts can be counted as some of the noneconomic costs of unemployment (McConnell and Brue, 2005). Thus, it is important to analyse causes and outcomes of unemployment especially during recession period. Unemployment during Recession Since Industrial Revolution, the entire world economy has gained a momentum. This momentum has led to economic expansion an increase in quality of life. However, this momentum hasnt shown continuity. Countries have experienced many ups and downs in their economic activities since they industrialized. These up and down movements in economic activities or in production level are known as business or economic cycle (Parkin, 2012; Abel et al., 2008). There are two main periods of the business cycle (Parkin, 2012); expansion and recession. An expansion is a period which represents an increase in the economic activities and production level of an economy/country (Burda and Wyplosz, 2001). Contrary, recession is an extended time period when the economic activities and gross domestic product (GDP) of a nation are slowing or falling down (Abel et al, 2008; Harris, 2002). These activities are including level of employment, investments, household income, business profits and inflation rate. In a business or economic cycle, recession occurs between peak and trough points. It is also known as a business cycle contraction. This is represented in the Figure 1. -Causes of Recession: Negative Demand and Supply Shocks According to Abel et al. (2008), two main causes of economic recession are negative aggregate demand shock (ADS) and negative aggregate supply shock (ASS). A negative ADS is a sudden event that decreases the aggregate demand in an economy (Burda and Wyplosz, 2001). There are several reasons for this type of negative shock. It generally occurs because of tight fiscal and monetary policies (Abel et al., 2008). Government sets high taxes and reduces government expenditures to decrease the inflationary pressures. On the other hand, these policies can causes a fall in the aggregate demand and as a result economic recession takes place. The recession that United Kingdom (UK) experienced during 1980-81 was caused by tight fiscal and monetary policies (Pettinger, 2012). There were high tax rates, low government expenditure, and high interest rates for reducing spending, consumption and investment. The UK government was applied these tight policies for reducing the inflationary pressures whic h was formed in the late of 1980s. Inflation had fallen but the cost of these policies was the economic recession. Classical economists suggest that the negative ADS do not cause continued fluctuations in output level (Burda and Wyplosz, 2001). However, they view that a negative ASS is a major reason behind the critical changes in output and employment level (Burda and Wyplosz, 2001). A negative supply shock or a negative production shock is an unexpected event that decreases the aggregate supply in an economy/country (Abel et al., 2008). A negative ASS causes an inward shift in the long run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve of an economy (Abel et al., 2008). In figure 2, there is an inward shift in the LRAS curve because of a negative supply shock. It is reducing full-employment output from Q1 to Q2 and increase the price level from P1 to P2. This change in the price level represents that a negative supply shock causes prices to rise during the recession. Some of the real world examples of negative supply shocks are; changes in weather, such as an unexpected cold weather; changes in the structure of industries, such as merging of two or more dominant companies (Abel et al., 2008). Sometimes, the dominant suppliers join together for increasing their market power. By this way, they can restrict supply and set higher prices for making more profit. The real world reflection of this happened in 1970s by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) where members were imposed an oil embargo and then increased oil prices. When the oil prices rise, firms began to produce less since the cost of production was increase independently fro m aggregate demand. During oil price shock, labour demand, employment and real wage rate had fallen (Carlstrom and Fuerst, 2006). A negative supply shock reduces the quantity of labour demanded at any given real wage rate and causes an inward shift in the labour demand curve (Abel et al., 2008). In figure 3, the negative supply shock causes a fall in the labour market equilibrium from point A to B. At the new equilibrium both real wage and employment level falls. This graph also reflects the effects of oil price shock on the labour market. -Supply Side Factors During recession both businesses and individuals tend to retrench their economic belts and this causes negative effects on the level of production and consequently demands for labour decrease. Thus, during recession unemployment turns out to be one of the major problems on both government and society. Some of the unemployment during recession base on supply-side factors like personal transferable skills, job-seeker research channel, occupational mobility (job skills), and geographical mobility (Adams et al., 2000). For example; in UK, economic structure is turning to service based from manufacturing based economy (Parkin, 2012). The main reason of this structural change is globalisation and international trade agreements. According to Parkin (2012), UK has completely lost its cost advantages in manufacturing goods since the cost of production is much cheaper in Eastern Europe countries. Structural changes lead primary and secondary sector workers lose their jobs and many of them cann ot find new jobs since they dont have necessary skills for working in service sectors such as financial service institutions and information technology. However, even when economy is operating at full capacity, there is some unemployment that causes by the supply side factors. This is generally known as the natural rate of unemployment or equilibrium unemployment (Blink and Dorton, 2007). The natural rate of unemployment exists when the labour market is in equilibrium (Abel et al., 2008). In figure 4, the total labour force (TLF) in an economy and aggregate supply of labour (ASL), which stands for the number of people who are willing to work at every given wage rate, are presented. The difference between points a and b is natural rate of unemployment. The natural rate of unemployment is the combination of frictional and structural unemployment (Abel et al., 2008). Frictional unemployment occurs when employees leave their jobs for finding more suitable job opportunities in order to satisfy their career and income expectations (Parkin, 2012). While employees are searching for new jobs, there is always some frictional unemployment in th e economy. The poor job information may lead this searching process to take longer than what the employees expected and consequently employees may lose their motivations for finding new jobs. Unemployment benefits are also a factor that affect the incentive to not to work. Also, structural unemployment occurs when the structure or production methods of an industry are changed in order to keep pace with changes in consumers tastes and new production techniques (Sloman, 2004). Structural unemployment is generally known as the long-term unemployment since workers must retrain or they may have to relocate for staying at their current jobs or finding new jobs (Parkin, 2012). On the other hand, the financial and mental costs of retraining and relocation lead structural unemployment that contains geographical and occupational immobility. Housing prices are one of the most important financial problems that cause geographical immobility. For example; in London, the active capital city life creates more job opportunities than in the North of England, but housing prices and rents are much more expensive than in the North of England. So, some workers may prefer to take unemployment benefits and staying at their neighbourhoods rather than paying high rents or buyin g expensive houses in London. This causes geographical immobility. An increase in unemployment rate also increases the burden of the government. High unemployment means an increase in the total amount of unemployment benefits that governments have to pay. As a result of an increase in unemployment rate, governments revenues fall. So, it causes budget deficits. In order to decrease the rate of unemployment, government may use both supply-side and demand-side policies. The main aim of the supply-side polices is to make labour force more responsive and flexible against the changes in job opportunities (Sloman, 2004). However, if there is lack of aggregate demand, supply-side policies can be ineffective. Thus, for achieving more effective results government can support supply-side policies by using demand-side policies as well as fiscal and monetary policies. Conclusion In recent years, recession become one of the major problems that the entire world economies encountered. It is inevitable for governments to take certain measures to determine the causes of economic downturn. It can be caused by demand side or supply side shocks. During the recession, unemployment becomes one of the serious problems because of low levels of consumption, demand and investment (Pettinger, 2011). However, unemployment exists even when economy is operating at full capacity. Unemployment never becomes zero because of supply-side factors, like; personal transferable skills, job-seeker research channel, occupational mobility (job skills), and geographical mobility (Adams et al., 2000). Structural and frictional unemployment are unemployment types that cause by supply side factors. There are massive research efforts to find out causes of unemployment and how to deal with it. The long lasting effects of unemployment make it an important problem for all economies and governmen ts that encourage governments to try to find solutions for it since it has economic, social and political consequences.