Group size and color Implications on fish schooling behavior - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1924 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Behavior Essay Did you like this example? Group size and color: Implications on fish schooling behavior of promelas, innesi, sphenops and reticulata. Abstract: Fish use schooling as a coping mechanism for survival. The purpose of this study was to examine if fish preferred larger or smaller schools and if when the school sizes are the same size, will fish have a preference for the color red or blue. It was hypothesized that the fish would prefer large schools over small schools and the color blue over red. Both experiments were done inside of a tank and it was observed which side of a drawn line the fish was on at given times. The results of the first experiment showed a slight preference for small groups and were insignificant. The results of the second experiment were significant and showed a preference for blue over red. The hypothesis for fish having a preference for large groups over small groups was not supported by the results. The hypothesis for fish to prefer blue over red was supported by the results. The results of the first experiment could have happened because due to small group size, the fish were maybe choosing a school base d on familiarity rather than size. The results for the second experiment could have occurred due to surface dwelling fish being sensitive to the colors blue and green and not the color red. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Group size and color: Implications on fish schooling behavior" essay for you Create order Intro: Animals have evolutionary forms groups for better survival. The types of group can vary from a family with parents to unrelated individuals (Alexander 1974 1974). The main benefits of forming groups is that there less risks spreading diseases since animals are not reproducing with animals outside of the group. Animals also tend to use groups to protect themselves from predators and gain more food because groups split the food (Alexander 1974). Animals that utilize groups effectively are fish. Fish have been well known to know perform schooling behavior for survival. In a recent study, it was found that fish will exploit food resources more effectively and efficiently when hunting in schools (Reuter et al 2015). Fish also form groups because evolutionarily groups benefit members is that there is less competition for group members when breeding (Alexander 1974). Fish also form schools because a predators are less likely to hunt an entire school of fish versus a whole group of fish (Sco tt and Sloman 2004). A school of fish also make it more visually confusing for a predator to spot a single fish (Scott and Sloman 2004). Fish have three motor patterns within groups. There can be a tendency for a fish to initiate the other direction of swimming of another fish (Hemmings 1966). Fish also have a tendency return to another fish if they are not following and there also is a tendency for fish to follow fish swimming away from them (Hemmings 1966). Despite these motor patterns, there are typically not a difference in social status in groups (Pavlov and Kasumyan 2000). The fish only count the leader as the swimming at the center of the school, which for a half a second or less because the front fish will quickly move to either the rear or the middle of the school (Pavlov and Kasumyan 2000). It has been shown however, that fish in different positions in the school will respond differently to stimuli. In Abramas brama, the center of the school was less sensitive to sensitive stimulus compared to the sides, which was more than 5 times as likely to response to external stimulus (Pavlov and Kasumyan 2000). The pu rpose of this study was to see if fish schooling behavior is affected by group size and if fish are more drawn to the color red or blue when the school size is the same. The Hypothesis was that fish will prefer larger group sizes and prefer the color blue over the color red. Methods: Both experiments utilized a 15-gallon tank with air stones on either end of the tank. The tank was divided into three by plexiglass dividers so there was a middle, right and left section of the tank. Both width sides and one length side of the tank were covered in Kraft paper to filter out distractions for the fish. A dip net was used to transport the fish to the tank, and there a bucket of chemicals to place the dipnet into for sterilization. A stopwatch, in this case an iPhone, was used to account for time. A dry erase maker was used so a line could be drawn halfway down the middle section of the tank, so it could be determined which side the fish was nearer. A difference with the second experiment what the plexiglass dividers had acetate colored paper in-between them and, with one divider being red and one divider being blue. The second experiment also had 3 fish on both sides of the tank. To conduct the first experiment with 5 trials, the fish, Rosy Red Minnows, were placed in the left section of the tank and 2 fish were placed on the right side of the tank. A single fish, from a large tank of fish of the same species, was placed in the middle of tank using the dip net and was given three minutes of acclamation time. Then every 30 seconds for 15 minutes total using a stopwatch, it was recorded which side of the line the fish was on, so it could be later determined which group the fish preferred. The recording was done by checking a box in a two-column table if the fish was on the group with 5 fish or 2 fish. After the 15 minutes, the tested fish was placed in a holding tank to be later placed back in its original tank. This procedure was repeated for 5 separate fishes. The grand total of the fishs observed position was then calculated with a total of 880 data points for the first experiment. Then the chi square test of goodness-of-fit with the Yates correction was done to determine if the results were significant. The second experiment had the same procedure, but both groups were 3 fish instead of 5 and 2 and the tank had a blue and red divider so the fish were either go to the blue or red side of the tank. The second experiment had the same procedure of checking boxes from a two-column table, but the two categories to check for were blue or red side. The second experiment was also done for 10 minutes instead of 15 minutes with a grand total of 95 trials done for the second experiment. Results: The results of the first experiment were insignificant and showed that the fish slightly preferred small schools because they were drawn to small schools with a grand total of 445 times and large schools 435 times (Figure 1) (chi square goodness of fit test, x2 = .092, df=1, p=0.762). In experiment two, the responses were significantly different and the fish were drawn to the blue side 88 times and the red side 7 times (Figure 2) (chi square goodness of fit test, x2 = 67.368-16, df=1, p=2.25-16). Figure 1. The grand total number of the times the fish in the middle section of the tank swam to a large group with 5 fish versus a small group with 2 fish. (chi square goodness of fit test, x2 = .092, df=1, p=0.762) Figure 2- The total number of times the fish in the middle section swam to the blue or red divider. (chi square goodness of fit test, x2 = 67.368-16, df=1, p=2.25-16) Discussion: The hypothesis that fish prefer larger schools was not supported because the results indicating that fish preferred small groups were insignificant, and so it cannot be concluded that this relationship occurs in nature. The school size results are insignificant, but other researchers have found that fish would prefer larger groups over small groups. The fish could have preferred the smaller group over the larger group because of the size of the fish in the group. Keenleyside (1955) showed that small fish would prefer a group of larger fish over a group of small fish. Perhaps in the school size experiment the fish in the smaller groups were larger than the fish in the large groups, therefore skewing the data to favor small groups slightly over the large groups. Another reason the small groups could have been favored in the large schools was that in another study it was shown that fish preferred familiar fish, fish they are cohesive with in antipredator behavior, less as group size inc reased (Griffiths and Magurran 1997). The fish might have chosen groups based on familiarity and not group size because the group sizes were small. The hypothesis that fish prefer blue over red when choosing a school of the sizes was supported by the results and the results were significant (Pope and Fry 1997) showed that the color blue is absorbed more profoundly than red, which means the color blue would be found at deeper depths in water. Rosy Red Minnows would equally see red and blue because they live in shallow water such as rivers, ponds, and temporary pools. The question now is why the fish would preference the color blue over red. A possible explanation is that guppies, surface dwelling fish, are sensitive to blue and green colors and not red colors (Levine and MacNichol Jr 1982). Rosy Red Minnows are also surface dwelling; therefore, they might also not be sensitive to the color red. The minnows could just see a blue divider and a colorless divider; therefore, they preferred the blue divider because it was the familiar color. This would mean that the fish has the color based on familiarity and not preference. The purpose of the experiment was to test the effect of school size on schooling behavior in fish, and if fish had a preference for color when the opposing school sizes were the same. The results of the first experiment for group size are insignificant but could possibly be explained by familiarity instead of group size. The results of the second experiment for color preference are significant but could be more likely due to familiarity than preference for a color. The results might reflect that fish stick with familiar environments as much as possible due to basic survival instincts. The results might mean that fish within schools are only social within the school and not likely to interact with other schools. A question from the first experiment that should explored would be if the opposing school size were even more polarized, would there be significant results? Future investigations to expand on the color experiment would be to use blue and green dividers, because these are sensi tive colors that the fish can likely distinguish between. References Alexander, R. D. 1974. The Evolution of Social Behavior. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5:325â€Å"383. GRIFFITHS, S. W., and A. E. MAGURRAN. 1997. Schooling preferences for familiar fish vary with group size in a wild guppy population. School of Biological and Medical Sciences 264:547â€Å"551. Hemmings, C. C. 1966. OLFACTION AND VISION IN FISH SCHOOLING. J. Exp. Biol 45:449â€Å"464. Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, and Stazione Zoologica, Naples Keenleyside, M. H. 1955. Some Aspects of the Schooling Behaviour of Fish. Behaviour 8:183â€Å"247. Levine, J. S., and E. F. Macnichol. 1982. Color Vision in Fishes. Scientific American 246:140â€Å"149. Pavlov, D. P., and A. O. Kasumyan. 2000. Patterns and mechanisms of schooling behavior in fish: A review. Journal of Ichthyology. Pope, R. M., and E. S. Fry. 1997. Absorption spectrum (380â€Å"700 nm) of pure water II Integrating cavity measurements. Applied Optics 36:8710. Reuter, H., M. Kruse, A. Rovellini, and B. Breckling. 2016. Evolutionary trends in fish schools in heterogeneous environments. Ecological Modelling 326:23â€Å"35. Scott, G. R., and K. A. Sloman. 2004. The effects of environmental pollutants on complex fish behaviour: integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity. Aquatic Toxicology 68:369â€Å"392.

Define Feminism Essay - 1883 Words

Define Feminism A woman should be barefoot, pregnant and chained to a stove, stated Ben Glantz, a high school senior. Drew Pershing, another senior, also shared a joke, What does a woman do after she leaves a battered shelter? The dishes...if she knows whats good for her! Daily jokes and comments such as these, no matter how harmless, are detrimental to the status of women and a dangerous undermining of their accomplishments. Shared by both genders, sexually discriminative comments are widely accepted in society as normal and harmless. I didnt mean anything by that; I was just kidding, whimpered Ben Glantz after receiving several cold stares from young women who overheard his bashing, sexist comment. Women have†¦show more content†¦According to her its recognizing and celebrating the uniqueness of being female. Its also being responsible rather than being dependent. Some women abuse feminism by using it as an excuse to speak their minds, but others use feminism as a tool to open peoples eyes to the often ignored problem of inequality. This belief in a tolerant assertiveness, a claim in human participation and human rights is called power feminism (Wolf, 1993). If used ideally, power feminism effectively accomplishes its task of bringing self worth. . . to every womans life, states Naomi Wolf. On the other hand, victim feminism makes a woman out to be a defenseless angel who pleads for the mercy of other by acting as a victim. Seeking power through a powerless position of dependence only slows the feminist movement. All around the world women are crying out, claiming that it is no longer acceptable to discuss womens rights as separate form human rights, (Hillary Clinton -- Tumulty, 1997). The abuses females endure are found everywhere in places like Senegal, Bangladesh, and Berjing, China. 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Challenges of Public education Free Essays

America needs solutions Immediately because the gap represents Its future leaders of tomorrow. If thing Is done soon to correct the disturbing trend, the united States will be In danger of falling even further behind other developed countries. The many challenges are frightening: (1 ) too many high school students quit school before graduation, (2) too many high school students graduate without the ability to read or write well, (3) too many high school students are not prepared for the workforce, and (4) too many high school students are not prepared for college. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges of Public education or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this short essay, the writer will explain some of the consequences, causes and possible solutions for America’s educational dilemma. Consequences of the Problem First, if America’s public school leaders don’t devise a plan to improve the nation’s troubling schools, the consequences will be devastating. Normally, consequences can be traced back to the student’s level of education and usually comes to light when making choices or decisions. Furthermore, certain characteristics come In play such as a lack of motivation, which may prevent someone from securing a Job because the person wasn’t motivated enough to take classes or gain the skills needed for a job. The lack of motivation is a problem in my hometown of Lenore, NC, located in Caldwell County. The county has seen substantial job losses lately because many workers were unqualified to enter into advanced manufacturing methods. As a result, many jobs have been shipped overseas resulting in high unemployment rates within the region. Although the graduation rate in Caldwell County has been rising over the past decade, that wasn’t always the case decades ago. The county high school dropout rate was significantly higher approximately 20 years ago, well above the national average. One of the mall reasons was that many furniture factories didn’t require a gig school diploma for low-paying and unskilled labor. This statistic isn’t to say the workers weren’t Intelligent, only that they weren’t motivated enough to Improve themselves when educational opportunities were available. As a result, most of the uneducated factory workers will face high unemployment rate for the rest of their life Probably the most important consequence of failing public schools is that students are not prepared for college upon high school graduation. My dad, a department chair and instructor at a local community college, tells me that a majority f students come to the college unprepared for college-level classes. Most students have to be placed in so-called developmental classes, which don’t count as college credit. Plus, the more developmental classes students have to take, the less likely it will be for them to graduate. Therefore, many students drop out of college because they either can’t do the college-level work or determine that it will take them too long to graduate. Causes of the Problems Second, in order to address America’s public school crisis, it is first necessary to understand the underlining causes of the problem. For many students, the reason for poor academics can be traced to their own self-esteem. Thus, it is quite possible that the student wasn’t challenged enough in school or encouraged enough by the teacher or parent. Without a doubt, a poor teacher has a tremendous impact on the academic achievement of a student. As an example, â€Å"how many times have you heard of students who credit their teacher for their success in life because the teacher believed in them? † Likewise, a dysfunctional home life has a negative effect, as conditions around the home may not conducive to student learning. For instance, if a student can’t find a quiet place to read or study without distractions, then it makes it more difficult to learn the subject matter, usually resulting in a lower grade. On the other hand, Sam Dillon of The New York Times concluded that the blame for America’s sagging academic achievement does not lie solely with public schools, but also with dysfunctional families and a culture that undervalues education. Schools are inheriting an over-entertained, distracted student (3). Moreover, first-generation students whose parents never attended college also face numerous obstacles making t more difficult for them to be successful in the classroom. It’s really sad that many parents don’t care about their child’s grades. In doing so, it’s the students who suffer at no fault of their own. In addition, low academic standards are a major problem in public schools. Often, too many school systems have set the graduation bar so low that nearly everyone graduates from high school, whether the student is ready or not. Furthermore, many teachers assign students â€Å"busy-work† that’s not very challenging. This type of work does nothing to develop critical thinking skills. In laity, low academic standards Oust like student cheating) will only hurt the student in the long run. This loss of knowledge is literally slipping through the student’s fingertips without them knowing the harm it causes. Thus, not only is the student harmed, the reputation of the school might be as well. No doubt the academic reputation of a school influences the parent’s decision on whether to move into or out of school districts. To the contrary, friends from private schools have told me their academic standards are much higher than public schools, and that their SAT scores are higher on the average too. Perhaps, the main cause of public school failure can be blamed on poverty. Without a doubt, people living in poverty have more important things on their mind than making good grades in school. Parents may be more concerned about rent, groceries, car payments, and less concerned about their children’s education. My dad has always told me that there is a direct correlation generally have lower Gaps, while students from wealthier families tend to have higher Gaps. † Unfortunately, this disturbing trend has plagued this country for decades, and it doesn’t appear to be getting any better. Solutions for Problems Although the writer suspects that many possible solutions have already been tried to improve our failing public school systems, the state public schools systems may want to try the following innovative solutions: (1) provide students free college tuition for the first two years of college if the student maintains a certain high school GAP (say a B average) and is also able to maintain that same â€Å"B† average in college, and (2) base teacher’s bonus on a combination of evaluations done by the students, other teachers, and their own student scores on standardized test. To begin, if the state loud add a motivator or incentive like free college tuition for the first two years of college for any student who maintains a â€Å"B† average in high school, it would greatly improve high school graduation rates. Not only that, more people would graduate with higher-level reading, math, and writing skills. Moreover, student debt levels would be much lower (at least 50%) if they attended a four-year college, or have no debt if they went to a two-year community college. It’s a win-win situation for the student and school. Also, the state can base a teacher’s bonus pay on a combination of students, other cheer evaluations, and their own student scores on standardized test. Initially, students get to evaluate their own teachers. Next, teachers get to rate or evaluate other teachers teaching the same subjects (I. E. , English teachers rating English teachers), since they would probably know which teachers are most respected among their peers. Lastly, the other part of the teacher’s bonus could be based on student achievement on standardized test. Combining all three factors together helps determine the teacher bonus for that year. By doing it this way, those superior searchers will be rewarded with higher bonuses, while the underperforming teachers will get little or no pay bonuses. Then, maybe the underperforming teachers will consider switching Jobs, as students deserve only the best. Likewise, since teachers are considered the backbone of the education systems, the school systems should do all they can to retain the good teachers. While the new pay standard for teacher’s bonuses might be difficult to pass (especially with teacher unions and lobbying organizations), the reward may outweigh the risk because outstanding teachers will produce better students. Conclusion America’s public educational standards are low compared to other international educational systems. In short, America’s high school students Just aren’t prepared for college or even high-tech Jobs after entering the workplace after high school. At the very least, public schools need to set the educational bar higher in terms of reading, writing, and math skills. In addition, schools need to hold underperforming teachers accountable. As discussed above, many challenges and factors make it difficult for the school and student to succeed in the classroom. How to cite Challenges of Public education, Papers

Team Work Essay Sample free essay sample

Teamwork is indispensable to the smooth running of many undertakings. administrations and companies. Much research has been conducted into the effectivity of squads and their parts to organizational success. This essay considers one peculiar squad dwelling of two pupil nurses ( members A and B ) and 4 pupil radiographers ( members C. D. E. and F ) . all 3rd twelvemonth degree-level. whose undertaking was to bring forth a posting for appraisal over a one hebdomad period. Theory and theoretical accounts of teamwork will be used to discourse all facets of this squad including squad functions. communicating. struggle and decision-making. Conclusions will so be drawn as to how the squad could hold been more effectual in their completion of the undertaking. Throughout. more general considerations of squads and teamwork in administrations will be made where appropriate. Interprofessionalism will besides be considered. This essay will utilize the footings squad and group interchangeably with the same significance. Method The information for this essay has been gathered by the writer through personal experience. As the writer was portion of the squad concerned this is non a genuinely experimental survey. It does. nevertheless. let the writer to hold more penetration into the personal positions and feelings of the squad members. A brooding journal was kept by the writer during this hebdomad entering all treatments. statements and sentiments to guarantee lucidity when remembering these. Many other members of the squad besides discussed their positions with the writer. A figure of beginnings have been consulted for the background information and theory related to teamwork. Belbin’s self-perception stock list trial has been identified as a utile tool for measuring members of a squad and the balance of personalities and functions within. Each squad member completed this trial and the consequences are considered in item and with mention to other theories. Discussion 1 What are squads? A squad is defined as:A group of people who make different parts towards the accomplishment of a common end. ( Pritchard A ; Pritchard. 1994. p. 13 ) . The indispensable features of a squad have been described by Gilmore et Al ( in Pritchard A ; Pritchard. 1994 ) as: The members of a squad portion a common intent which brings them together and steer their actions. Each member of the squad has a clear apprehension of his or her ain maps. and recognises common involvements. The squad works by pooling cognition. accomplishments and resources and all members portion duty for the result. The effectivity of a squad is related to its capableness to transport out its work and to pull off itself as an independent group of people. 2 Types of Teams Groups can be defined as:Formal: formed for a specific intent with regulations. ordinances and norms. Informal: where the intent is less precise.Psychological: rank is dependent on people interacting with each other. ( Pettinger. 2000. p. 136 ) . The squad discussed in this essay is clearly a formal group as it was constructed by the class leaders and had a clear end to accomplish ( bring forthing a posting ) . 3 Team Size There is a balance to be attained between squad size. part and engagement. The larger a group is. the more likely it is to divide into subgroups. nevertheless. a big group can pull on more cognition and expertness. Steiner ( in Millward and Jeffries. 2001 ) suggested that as group size additions single member attempt declines as the less each member feels responsible for the result. In this squad there were 6 members which proved ideal for the production of the posting as activities could easy be divided between the squad leting everyone an equal part. The squad did. nevertheless. divide into two subgroups of pupil nurses and pupil radiographers at the beginning of the hebdomad. It is non felt that this was due to the size of the squad but more likely personality and professional differences. 4 Why usage teamwork? Teamwork is critical to wellness and societal attention as accomplishments and cognition can be used more efficaciously to supply the best patient result ( Newson. 2006 ) . Research has shown that teamwork additions efficiency ( Thylefors et al. 2005 in Newson. 2006 ) . A squad can pool cognition and accomplishments and. if good motivated. make energy increasing a team’s efficiency beyond that of the persons. Modern positions on teamwork besides consider the satisfaction of the work force by going more independent and cut downing hierarchal constructions ( Ovretveit et al. 1997 ) . 5 Team Development The most normally used theoretical account to discourse squad development is Tuckman’s ( 1965 ) ( in Huczynski A ; Buchanan. 2001 ) forming. ramping. norming and executing theoretical account. However. the squad concerned more closely followed the Cog’s laddermodel ( see appendix 1. for full description ) ( Walton. 1984 ) . 1. Polite phase ( twenty-four hours 1 ) The initial debuts of the squad members took topographic point during a java interruption. nevertheless. the undertaking was non clearly discussed at this phase and so functions were non yet defined. The members worked at a distance from each other to finish a hoarded wealth Hunt undertaking. 2. Why are we here? ( twenty-four hours 2 ) The ends were established and two subgroups ( pupil nurses. A and B and pupil radiographers. C. D. E and F ) emerged. 3. Command for power ( twenty-four hours 2/3 )Conflict and competition within the group prevailed. At this phase two members of the group. A and C. became identifiable as leaders. 4. Constructive stage ( twenty-four hours 3/4 )The squad did finally make this phase with activities being divided amongst members and all members take parting. Through doggedness and the acknowledgment that the posting was an assessed piece of work this squad was motivated plenty to get the better of old struggle and advancement. 5. Espirit ( twenty-four hours 4 ) By the concluding twenty-four hours of this undertaking the squad had developed a high degree of coherence. As all members were seen to be lending every bit to the undertaking and the posting was eventually coming together any struggle evaporated and was replaced by motive and satisfaction in accomplishment. 6 Team Functions Belbin’s Inventory of Self-Perception is one of the most widely used analyses for squad functions ( Mullins. 2005 ) . ( See appendix 2. for a full list of function descriptions ) . Eight squad functions are identified and organize a comprehensive list of all utile squad member features. with allowable failings. The members of the surveies squad performed this trial:| |A |B |C|D |E |F | % Total | |Company Worker ( CW ) |15 |11 |17 |6 |15 |22 |21 | |Chairperson ( CH ) |2 |20 |3 |0 |10 |0 |8 | |Shaper ( SH ) |35 |6 |29 |6 |5 |3 |20 | |Plant ( PL ) |1 |5 |0 |29 |0 |9 |10 | |Resources Investigator |4 |2 |3 |1 |0 |2 |3 | | ( RI ) | | | | | | | | |Motivator-Evaluator ( ME ) |12 |8 |10 |10 |0 |3 |10 | |Team Worker ( TW ) |1 |15 |2 |4 |10 |25 |14 | |Completer-Finisher ( CF |0 |3 |6 |14 |30 |6 |14 | | |SH/CW |CH/TW |SH/CW |PL/CF |CF/CW |TW/CW | | Surveies frequently show team members as belonging to their two favoured functions e. g. A as a shaper/ company worker ( SH/CW ) . Using this method the squad lacked a resource research worker and monitor-evaluator. However. if the tonss of the whole squad are represented as per centums so president ( CH ) and resource research worker ( RI ) are the least delineated functions: Company Worker ( CW )This was the most good represented function within the squad. 21 % . with four of the six members holding this as their secondary feature. A company worker is able to cover with the practical demands of a state of affairs and work good with a cross-section of people ( Rowe. 1996 ) . This makes them an indispensable member of the squad and frequently really promotable within administrations ( Belbin. 1981 ) . Shaper ( SH )The function of leading is frequently taken by the maker who can drive the squad towards the end ( Belbin. 1981 ) . However. this squad contained two dominant makers. A and C. who both attempted to take up the leading function. Belbin discusses how this can do struggle until one member suppresses these features as happened here. with A. Teamworker ( TW )This function was represented by two members. B and F. The features displayed were sociableness but a low laterality. Although TWs can be viewed as supplying merely a supportive function they are of import in a squad such as this with strong SH features to help morale and cooperation ( Belbin. 1981 ) . Completer – Finisher ( CF )It is of import for a squad to hold the CF function represented in order to help the coating of a undertaking ( Rowe. 1996 ) . Member E. who had the highest mark as a CF surely encouraged the group along when staggering and was really concerned with the clip restrictions on the undertaking. It is possible that without this member the squad would non hold completed the undertaking until the concluding twenty-four hours. Plant ( PL )Merely one squad member. D. demonstrated this as one of their top features and this represented 1 % of the squad as a whole. A PL is originative. although needs another function to pull out their thoughts ( Rowe. 1996 ) . In this squad. D. was non vocal with their thoughts until towards the terminal of the undertaking when many little determinations were finalised by the CF. E. promoting D to be forthcoming. Monitor – Evaluator ( ME )This function was represented by 10 % of the entire although no single held this as their primary or secondary feature. This was non peculiarly to the hurt of the group as the ME’s attributes lie in strategic planning and decelerate careful consideration of determinations ( Belbin. 1981 ) which did non use in this week-long undertaking. Chairperson ( CH )Merely one member. B. demonstrated CH as their function within this squad. Rowe ( 1996 ) suggests CHs do non work good with SHs and as this squad had two strong SHs. B tended to stamp down any leading qualities and deferred to their interpersonal accomplishments besides represented by their secondary function. TW. Resource Investigator ( R )RIs can frequently acquire a undertaking underway by making an initial enthusiasm ( Rowe. 1996 ) and utilizing all information available to reply any inquiries ( Belbin. 1981 ) . This team’s deficiency of an RI may hold contributed to the slow start made on this undertaking. 7 Communication Communication within a squad is critical to guarantee effectual on the job pattern. keep relationships between persons and hence increase motive and morale ( Stott A ; Walker. 1995 ) . The ideal form of communicating is an unfastened flow of interaction with all members pass oning with others: ( Stott A ; Walker. 1995. p. 271 ) However. in the studied squad the communicating form was surely non ideal in the early phases and could be more accurately represented as follows: The squad had split into two subgroups. A and B ( pupil nurses ) and C. D. E and F ( pupil radiographers ) with communicating between the two groups about entirely by their unofficial leaders. A and C. By the terminal of the hebdomad. holding over-come some struggle. the communicating form was really similar to the ideal. Clark ( 2003 ) states that in effectual squads communication between the leader and squad members is unfastened. clear and direct. Although in this squad there was no formal leader. C. clearly established themselves as the unofficial leader most likely because they were the most effectual at showing this carnival. unfastened and decisive communicating. 8 Conflict Loxley ( 1997 ) ( in Barrett et Al. 2005 ) refers to conflict as being interwoven with interprofessional coaction. Conflict can ensue from a figure of societal and professional factors:AgeGenderEthnicityFamily state of affairsValuessPrecedencesApproachsExpectationsCovering with struggle is uncomfortable and hard and can ensue in squads shaming togetherness or utilizing turning away techniques as a protection mechanism. Establishing land regulations such as those suggested by Drinka and Clark ( 2000 ) ( see appendix 3. ) early on can avoid struggle and had this squad used these possibly effectivity and surely morale would hold improved. Group struggle can be utile as without it points of position can be masked and good solutions non made. Clark ( 2003 ) besides suggests that the more inhibited members of are group with feel more defeat as they tend to stamp down their struggle. This was decidedly apparent in the squad concerned as D. E and F would non show their defeats to the whole squad but merely discussed them with their unofficial leader. C. in private. This resulted in more struggle within the squad as C attempted to vocalize the sentiments and concerns of D. E and F to the whole squad. as A proverb this as C being over-opinionated and became really defensive as a consequence. C managed to decide this struggle state of affairs by staying composure. admiting A’s positions and rationally explicating why. although the thoughts were good. the squad should see an alternate way. By doing A warrant their sentiments and doing them believe of ways of work outing jobs instead than merely saying them C gained the regard of the whole squad and became the unofficial squad leader. with even A accepting this state of affairs. 9 Decision – Making Decisions by groups can be made in a figure of ways:By deficiency of responseBy authorization regulationBy bulk regulationBy bulk regulation ( voting/ polling )By consensusBy consentaneous ballot( Schein. 1969 in La Monica. 1990 ) . The squad concerned made their determinations utilizing a figure of these methods. Decisions made by ‘lack of response’ resulted in negative feelings of ego and towards other members when thoughts were bypassed in favor of others. No determinations were entirely made by ‘authority rule’ . although as many members were loath to aerate their positions within the whole squad state of affairs it may hold appeared to an perceiver that this happened. However. this was more like ‘majority rule’ as the quieter members of the group ( D. E and F ) had discussed their sentiments with C who so voiced them. In the concluding phases of this undertaking determinations were made by consensus as more members of the squad were relaxed in the whole group puting and all members were motivated in the undertaking at manus. Decisions were discussed more openly with all members instead than in the two subgroups and concluding determinations were of course arrived at wi thout any trouble. Hayes ( 1991 ) discusses how the importance of an person to acquire their preferable solution adopted by the group can go more of import to them than guaranting the best determination is made. This phenomenon was clear in the studied group as A became rather aggressive and confrontational in their efforts to hold their solution accepted by the squad. A figure of members. D. E and F. found this peculiarly intimidating and would hold submitted to A’s thoughts. although they did non hold their virtue. had it non been for C. C used self-asserting behavior and logical treatment to avoid the incorrect determination being made. However. as A had built up the importance of holding their thoughts adopted so much. when they were non A became withdrawn from the group and appeared rejected. 10 Interprofessional Working Collaboration between assorted subjects is of import within health care in order to supply a consistent. high criterion of patient attention ( Rowe. 1996 ) . In order for multidisciplinary squads to be effectual the administration and direction demands to be in topographic point. but more significantly there must be common regard and apprehension for each professional’s values. position. accomplishments and cognition ( Rowe. 1996 ) . It has been suggested ( Millward A ; Jeffries. 2001 ) that some healthcare squads exist in name merely and make non demo grounds of collaborative working underpinned by shared ends. It could be argued that possibly nurses have more continuity of attention in their occupations and so had a more methodical but slower attack to this undertaking. The pupil radiographers appeared to be more task-driven and concerned with the clip restraints and so frequently favoured speedy decision-making over drawn-out treatments. possibly to the hurt of doing the right determination. In the terminal it was the radiographers’ determination that was followed through and their motive by clip forced the nurses to work more rapidly ensuing in completion in progress of the deadline. Beattie ( in Soothill et Al. 1995 ) discusses how tribalism of professions is a barrier to effectual teamwork as it can be seen as an onslaught on traditional boundaries and in some cases can increase tribalism. Therefore an involuntariness to take part as portion of a multiprofessional squad can develop. as persons attempt to protect their individuality as a member of one peculiar professional ‘tribe’ . Decision It is of import to recognize and value single functions to promote the development of a balanced squad and increase individuals’ satisfaction by leting them to show their peculiar strengths and accomplishments ( Newson. 2006 ) . Confusion within the squad can besides be reduced and effectivity increased if all functions are represented every bit. Although there were differences and struggle between the two professions within this squad it is felt that these were due to personality instead than professional differences. Although it could be argues that it is exactly these personality traits that cause persons to take the different professions in the first topographic point. Atwal and Caldwell ( 1996 ) identifies assertiveness and assurance as indispensable accomplishments for an effectual squad member. This was borne out within the studied squad as the more inhibited members felt frustrated as they did non show their positions. This essay has identified many countries for betterment with the squad concerned and suggests methods for usage in the hereafter to increase the team’s effectivity. Chiefly. if the squad had spent more clip sing themselves as a squad and how they would work as such instead than leaping consecutive to the undertaking so many of the jobs would non hold occurred. Mentions Atwal. A. Caldwell. K. ( 2006 ) ‘Nurses’ perceptual experiences of multidisciplinary squad work in acute health-care’ . International Journal of Nursing. 12. pp. 359-365. Barrett. G. Sellman. D. Thomas. J. ( ed. ) ( 2005 ) Interprofessional working in wellness and societal attention. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Belbin. M. ( 1981 ) Management squads. London: Heinemann. Clark. CC. ( 2003 ) Group leading accomplishments. New York: Springer Printing Company. Hayes. J. ( 1991 ) Interpersonal Skills. London: Harper Collins. Huczynski. A. Buchanan. D. ( 2001 ) Organizational behavior. 4th edn. London: Prentice-Hall. La Monica. E. ( 1990 ) Management in wellness attention. London: Macmillan. Millward. LJ. Jeffries. N. ( 2001 ) ‘The squad study: a tool for wellness attention squad development’ . Journal of Advanced Nursing. 35 ( 2 ) . pp. 276-287. Mullins. LJ. ( 2005 ) Management and organizational behavior. London: Prentice-Hall. Newson. P. ( 2006 ) ‘Participate efficaciously as a squad member’ . Nursing and Residential Care. 8 ( 12 ) pp. 541-543. Ovretveit. J. Mathias. P. Thompson. T. ( ed. ) ( 1997 ) Interprofessional working for wellness and societal attention. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Pettinger. R. ( 2000 ) Organisational behavior. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Pritchard. P. Pritchard. J. ( 1994 ) Teamwork for primary and shared att ention. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rowe. H. ( 1996 ) ‘Multidisciplinary teamwork – myth or mystery’ . Journal of Nursing Management. 4. pp. 93-101. Soothill. K. Mackay. L. Webb. C. ( 1995 ) Interprofessional dealingss in wellness attention. London: Edward Arnold. Stott. K. Walker. A. ( 1995 ) Teams teamworking and teambuilding. London: Prentice-Hall. Walton. M. ( 1984 ) Management and managing. London: Harper and Row. Bibliography Pearson. P. Spencer. J. ( ed. ) ( 1997 ) Promoting teamwork in primary attention. London: Arnold. Walshe. K. Smith. J. ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 2006 ) Healthcare direction.Berkshire: Open University Press. Maginn. BK. Harris. RJ. ( 1980 ) ‘Effects of awaited rating on single brainstorming performance’ . Journal of Applied Psychology. 65 ( 2 ) . pp. 219-225. Mickan. SM. Rodger. SA. ( 2005 ) ‘Effective wellness attention squads: a theoretical account of six features developed from shared perceptions’ . Journal of Interprofessional Care. 19 ( 4 ) . pp. 358-370. Hornby. S. ( 1993 ) Collaborative Care. London: Blackwell Scientific Publicaitons. Belbin. M. ( 1993 ) Team functions at work. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Hutchings. S. Hall. J. Lovelady. B. ( 2003 ) Teamwork. Bicester: Speechmark. Miller. C. Freeman. M. Ross. N. ( 2001 ) Interprofessional pattern in wellness and societal attention. London: Arnold. Miller. C. Ross. N. Freeman. M. ( 1999 ) Shared acq uisition and clinical teamwork: new waies in instruction for multiprofesisonal pattern. London: The English Board for Nursinf. Midwifery and Health Visiting. Hannagan. T. ( 2002 ) Management constructs and patterns. 3rd edn. London: Prentice-Hall. ———————–

American Women During World War II. Essays - Gender Studies

American Women During World War II. America's entry into World War II posed opportunities for American women domestically, yet paradoxically heightened fears in the polity about the exact role that women should adopt during wartime. A central issue that dominated women's lives during this period was how to combine the private sphere of the home, with the new demands of the war economy in the public sphere. Women made significant gains in the military, the war economy and in some cases, in terms of political influence. Yet these gains were misleading for policy makers utilised the female workforce for short-term gains during war, with a long-term goal of seeing women return to the domestic sphere and reinforcing traditional gender roles. Significantly also, American women encountered different experiences of life during World War II since factors such as ethnicity and class largely shaped how women responded to, or were affected by the Second World War. Owing to the critical demand for labour, employers during the war helped to break down traditional gender roles by recruiting women to traditionally male jobs. Government, industry and the media all encouraged women to serve their patriotic duty by taking a job. Throughout the war however, policy makers sent out ambiguous messages to women about what their proper role in American society was. The motive behind this ambiguity rested in the fact that the government feared that the long-term consequences of women in the workplace, since gender roles could permanently be disrupted if women became reluctant to return to the domestic sphere when men returned from war. Many governmental agencies aimed to hinder sweeping changes for American women during the war- particular attention was placed on women in the military. Business associations largely worked independently from the polity, and tensions emerged when women's organisations highlighted the discriminiatory practices of employers. Un ions were also a highly important source of oppression to American women, for men feared that women would gain too much power if...Gender AND WORK BOOK. Moreover, the social and political fear of women in the workplace was largely confusing anyway, for women had worked outside the home in huge numbers ever since the Depression. And yet, after Pearl Harbor , the government issued non-discriminatory directives to recruit women into the workforce since by 1942 , only 29 percent of America's fifty-two million women had jobs. Thus, the War Manpower Commission ( WMC ) was established to actively recruit women so that in the beginning of 1943 the shortage of workers had toppled many sex, race, and age barriers. By 1944 , married women constituted the majority of the female workforce at 72.2 percent, and the issue of married women at work revealed the contradictions of womanpower. At the heart of this dilemma was the fear in the polity that women would become too attached to their new found economic independence, since women were told by industry on the one hand that (the) American homemaker...has the strength and ability to take her place in a vital War industry; yet through the government backed WMC women were told through pamphlets that : Even in a national emergency as critical as this, the welfare of our child ren must be of paramount importance... Implicit in these war messages was the notion that women were contributing to the war economy out of duty to their children and/or their male loved ones fighting in the war. Therefore , in the immediate economic crisis created by World War II , government and industry had little option but to actively seek female employment, although in the long-term, the government, through its propaganda messages, revealed its long-term aim of seeing women return to their natural domain in the home. Many women reconciled this tension by arguing that work outside the home satisfied family needs by providing financial security. Work outside the home was also appealing because it provided emotional bonding between women whose loved ones were fighting abroad. Yet although the war raised living standards, women's long-term position in the workplace was not guaranteed. When women came to plants they faced hostility from male co-workers, and cases of sexual harassment at work were commonplace. Women who worked in factories for example , presented a challenge to gender roles, and

How to Craft an Exploratory Essay on the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini

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Impact of the Textile Industry on Pakistans Economy

Impact of the Textile Industry on Pakistans Economy CHAPTER 1 The study investigated the effects of textile industry on the growth of economy of Pakistan before and after establishment of world trade organization, 1995. The aim of the study was to gain insight about the effects of textile industry on the growth of Pakistans economy. The reason for selecting the topic The effects of textile industry on the growth of economy of Pakistan before and after establishment of world trade organization, 1995 was to explore this topic in Pakistan that how our textile industry is directly affects our economy. Although there are many researches conducted just to explore that how Pakistans economy is affected before and after the establishment of world trade organization. Industry is considered as the basic element of any country especially textile industry contributes significantly to the countrys GDP (Gross domestic product), exports as well as employment. The textile industry is one of the most important sectors of Pakistan. It is, in fact, the backbone of the Pakistani economy. It has a total established spinning capacity of 1550 million kgs of yarn, weaving capacity of 4368 million square meters of fabric and finishing capacity of 4000 million square meters. The industry has a production capacity of 670 million units of garments, 400 million units of knitwear and 53 million kgs of towels. The industry has a total of 1221 units engaged in ginning and 442 units engaged in spinning. There are around 124 large units that undertake weaving and 425 small units. There are around 20600 power looms in operation in the industry. The industry also houses around 10 large finishing units and 625 small units. Pakistani textile industry has about 50 large and 2500 small garment manufacturing units. Moreover, it also houses around 600 knitwear-producing units and 400 towel-producing units. According to Dr. Mirza Ikhtiar Baig (2010) the current global situation of the textile industry and the share of the Pakistan in global textile industry is the main subject of our topic. The textile demand in the world increased massively in last few decades. The global share of the textile increase about 18$ trillion and it is expected to increase 6.5% in future year. China is known as the major exporter country of the textile goods in the world. The world wide textile export is around 400$ billion. The Asian Countries have the major share in global textile export .The share of the china is around 55$ billion, the share of the Hong Kong is around 38$ billion, the share of the Korea is around 35$ billion, the share of the Taiwan is around 16$ billion and the share of the Indonesia is around 9$ billion, India also emerged as the major exporter of textile goods. In case of Pakistan, Pakistan also emerged as the textile exporter in the world. Pakistan emerged as the major exporter of th e cotton and cotton yarn, Pakistan export the 30% of textile cotton yarn and 8% cotton fabric to the world. Pakistan total textile export is 7.4$ billion in 2002 which account the 1.2% share in the world textile export. Pakistan mostly exports the textile raw materials to the world and did not export the value added items, this is the main problem of Pakistan textile sector. Pakistan should learn from Bangladesh who imports the raw cotton from Pakistan and other countries and then made the value added items and export it to the world. If we want to increase our textile revenue then we focus on the value added items in future exports. 1: TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN Nationwide Financial System: Fabric visualization-2005 has been aimed at an open market, unique, market driven and vibrant textile sector, which is globally incorporated, worldwide spirited and fully equipped to abuse the opportunities shaped by Fabric goods are the vital individual necessities after then food. Textile sector in Pakistan playing the important role in the growth of our national economy, it has the big share in our GDP growth rate. It is playing the impotent role in our export sector, employment sector and investment sector. It has the major share in our foreign exchange earnings. It has the largest share in our manufacturing sector. Textile share in overall manufacturing is about 46%; foreign export earning is about 68% and 38% share in services sector. In spite of the governments efforts to diversify the exports sector and as well as industrial sector, the textiles sector of Pakistan still the backbone of industrial activity in the country. FABRIC VISUALIZATION 2005: According to survey (2005) Fabric visualization 2005 is a vision about the new techniques introduce in sector. The vision about the, free entry and exist, barrier free markets, concept of competitive markets, dynamic and innovative which is internationally integrated and fully equipped to exploit opportunities created by the Multi Fiber arrangement at international level. At present Pakistan hold the 8th position in Asian countries Pakistan can take the 5th or 4th position if Pakistan fully exploits the opportunities created by MFA. THE FUTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEXTILE EXPORTS The development of the textile industry is heavily depending upon the GATT rounds which ultimately become the reason of the establishment of WTO in 1995. The main agenda of the GATT rounds is to obligation of quotas system, unilaterally, bilaterally, multilaterally in the textile sector. It means that there will be no quota on textile products. Pakistan is also the member of the GATT rounds and then after the member of the WTO and the benefits of the GATT rules. In GATT rounds and WTO, USA and EU was in favor of the some restriction on Chinas textile exports. Pakistan and India treated most favorite nation because both are the founding nations. 1.1.3. QUOTA NATIONS PART IN PSKISTANS TEXTILE EXPORTS USA 44.5% EU 50% CANADA 1.7% TURKEY 3.6% 1.1.4. STRENGTH AND LIMITATIONS OF PAKISTAN: The share of the textile sector of overall world export is around 6%, which is accounted nearly370$ billion. The share of the clothing goods is around 210$ billion and remaining the share of the yarn and raw cotton. In case of Pakistan, the textile sector has the major share in Pakistan export. The 60% to 70% export of the Pakistan is depend on the textile sector which is accounted nearly 7$billion in year 2002-2003.The share of the raw cotton and yarn is about 30% and share of the fabric is nearly 35% (Ayesha Fayyaz, 2010). 1: The 15 EU members countries are the highly developed countries of the world and they are the main importers of textile goods. On 1st may 2004 the ten others countries are also join the EU, these 10 newly members are comparatively less developed and more economical to compare with 15 countries thus EU companies relocate their units in those countries for cheap textile manufacturing and export more textile goods. The EU export increased and became 11% of the world textile export. 2. The EU members countries increase the employment level in this sector. Thats why they are more focus on development of this sector. The 2.5 to 3.5 million people are employed in this sector. 3. Presently another threat of Pakistani exporter is that if EU withdraws his 0% duty under EU GSP scheme, then Pakistani exporters face the damages in her expert volume. 4. In case of the USA more than one million people are employed in the textile sector. In USA there are thousands of companies who produce the textile goods. The companies mainly in South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Virginia and state of Alabama. These state protested against the 0% duty on textile goods. After the establishment of WTO and Asian crises nearly 250 units shut down and more then two laces people lost their jobs. Thus in 2004-2005 the USA Government impose the quota with different percentage on textile goods. Composition of Quota Goods USA EU CANADA TURKEY TOTAL Fabric 69% 12.4% Quota free 2.2% 21.5% Garments 30% 18.4% 1.1% 0% 49.5% Made Up 7.6% 17.2% 0.6% 0% 25.4% Yarn Quota free 2.2% Quota free 1.4% 3.6% Total 44.6% 52.2% 1.7% 3.6% 100% At present USA will also concentrate on the high tech textile goods to compete the modern world. USA focuses on non-woven, particularly focus on the hygiene products like childrens diapers and wipes, feminine hygiene, adult incontinence and highly end fashion items, particularly for womens wear. USA and EU wants the better market access to their textile products and on the other hand they also want to implement the rules of the WTO on tariffs, quota and intellectual property rights. They also want to implement the rules which are mentioned in GATS and WTO like environmental conditions, laborers facilities, wage rate and tax collection system. Pakistani exporters will prepare to fight these challenges of the modern world. USA imposes safety measures on textile exports, which can also effect on Pakistan exports, but the Pakistani exporters having the chance to get the benefit from the quota restriction on China and Vietnam imposed by the USA in 2005 as cited in Dawn News the Economist Magazines (2000). Corporation in different sectors is key to success; if the Pakistan Government and the private sectors cooperate with each other it is beneficial for the Pakistan textile industry. The government should be encouraged of production of MMF synthetics, and the private sector should be encouraged the buffer stock scheme of cotton and stock pile schemes. The Government should reduce the duties on textile machinery and other equipments. The Pakistan Government should provide the facilities to the exporters to start the business. The cost of start new business in Pakistan is very high to compare with the regional countries so the Government, Ministry of Commerce and Stat Bank of Pakistan should take steps to facilitate the business man. The ministry of Commerce focuses on three weakest links in the textile like dying, marketing and ginning. The Government of Pakistan and State bank of Pakistan should provide loans to the exporters to expand her businesses and improve the quality of the goods at international standard. The interest rate on the loans must be low to compare with market. 1.1.5. RISE IN FABRIC EXPORTS MANUFACTURING IN PAK: In international market there sharp propaganda against the quality of the Pakistan textile products. Pakistan faced the challenges of the high quality and the competition with the regional countries. After the abolition of the textile quota from January 2005 Pakistan surprised the all competitive countries to increase its global share of exports and get additional foreign exchange. Pakistan also improve its quality of the textile products thats became the reason to earn extra revenue. According to The Nations Money magazine (2005) after the abolition of the quota free world trade on textile products the Pakistan textile sector earns 3.6$ billion through exporting textile products, which show the 10% growth over the corresponding period of the last year. The different textile experts having the opinion that the textile exports of the Pakistan is expected to increase 5$ billion during the first six months after the abolition of the quota regime (January June 2005). The total export of the year 2004- 2005 is expected to increase 8.5$ billion. In 11 months of year 2005 the textile industry of Pakistan earn 7.70$ billion worth of foreign exchange earnings, which show the significantly increase in the foreign exchange earnings to compare with the previous years. In May 2005 the textile exports of the Pakistan increase 830$ million as against 650$ million in April, its show the pleasant trend in textile sector of Pakistan. The Pakistani textile manufacturers are very optimistic in nature and want to increase the international share, and they have target to increase the exports around 10$ billion US dollars. The textile industry can achieve this target; if the industry is steadily increase its exports share in the international market. The Pakistani textile manufacturers claim that the textile products such as, yarn, fabrics, cloth and bed linen are the most competitive items in the world, the quality of these products are very fine to compare with other world. These items have a major share in our overall textile exports. They claim that the leading textile producers and the exporters of the world like China, Germany, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka import these products from Pakistan and convert them into high fashion items and export the world. After few months of establishing the quota-free global trade of textile, the knitwear and readymade garment sectors in Pakistan faced a pressure, but now these two segments of the Pakistan textile industry also show improvement in manufacturing of the products. The other segments of the Pakistan textile like yarn, bed linen, clothing, are doing well before and after the new WTO regime. Since 1999 to 2005 a sizeable investment nearly 5$ billion to 6$ billion US dollars are invested in Pakistan, which have pleasant effects on local textile industry. There is huge investment in Pakistan textile industry; this investment developed the textile sector. The investment in the textile sector is divided between different segments of the industry. The spinning has made 46% of the total investment; the weaving sector has made 24%. Textile processing has made 12%, made-up 8%, knitwear and garments 5%and 5% invest in the synthetic textile sector. The textile industry of Pakistan is expected to receive investment more than 6$ billion US dollars by the year 2010 and this investment will increase the capacity and the quality of the products. According Tariq Mahmood Acting chairman all Pakistan mills association The USA imposed some restriction on Chinese textile products; this restriction is also beneficial for the Pakistan textile exporters. The EU and USA gives the bulk of the textile orders to the Pakistan because the Pakistan has the capacity to achieve the target on time. Presently the USA and Europe became the major market of Pakistan textile products, and Pakistan generates large amount of the revenue. . Soon after launching the quota-free international trade under the rules of WTO, Chinese started marketing their textile products vigorously in the USA, Europe and other major consumer countries of the world and wants to capture the local market. This behavior of the china badly damaged the local textile industry of the Europe and USA, and ultimately this became the reason of the trade war between china and EU, USA so the EU and USA wants to impose some restriction on textile products. For the last few days a tug of war started between china and USA on the issues of the revaluation of the Yuan (Chinese currency), Dumping, terrifies and this war between USA and China is beneficial for the Pakistan textile sector. The Tsunami factor had also become the reason of the development of the Pakistani textile industry, because Tsunami heavily damaged the textile industry of the Indonesia, India and Bangladesh. The re-location of the textile industry in EU and USA had also beneficial for the Pakistani textile exporters, because they mostly fulfils there textile needs from Pakistan. They import the different products from Pakistan and used it in her products. The textile industry of Pakistan had equipped itself at the international standard after the abolition of the quota system and imports the advanced textile machinery to improve the capacity and quality. The textile sector invest more than 4$billion US dollars in last four to five years, investment on the latest machinery, infrastructure, communication, expansion, manpower and designing. The industry believes that this investment in industry will comfortably meet the up comings challenges of the advanced world. Cotton is the basic need of the textile industry, and Pakistan is the leading producer of the cotton in the world. Pakistan producing the 12 to 14 million bales of the cotton annually. The Government of Pakistan should take step to promote the research on cotton which increases the production and the quality of the cotton; through research on cotton we can produce the disease free cotton. After the abolition of the quota system the textile industry has believe to need the 16 million bales of cotton annually, the 14 million of bales produce locally and 2 million of bales import from the other countries. If we focus on the research we can fulfils the need of textile industry, and also export the other countries. 1.1.6. Complication and Problems in Textile Investment Lack of road and rail network facilities in the country. Poor management by the different governmental agencies. Bad governance and poor law and order condition in the country (especially in Karachi and Khyber Pukhtunkhawah. Bad image of Pakistan portrayed by the international media and international agencies. Warnings, which are issued by the foreign countries to their citizens to stop travelling of Pakistan is also the big hurdle in Pakistan development. Pakistan is the member of the WTO and signs many international agreements like intellectual property rights and international arbitration agreements which enforce Pakistan to obey the rules. Poor communication facilities are also the major hurdle in Pakistan textile development. Corruption in Governmental department is also the major issue of the Pakistan development. Severe electricity shortfall in the country. Financial instability in the country which became the reason of the decrease in foreign investment. Our utility rates are too much high to compare with the regional countries. Our tax collection system is very weak, which also one of the main hurdle in our development. Energy crises in the country (crises in natural gas/ crises in the accessibility of petrol). The good quality soft water is not available for our textile sector (especially in Karachi). Negative impact of SROs culture. 1.2. MOTIVATION OF RESEARCH: There is a need to explore the factors influencing the overall productivity and development of the textile industry of Pakistan and the problems faced by the textile industry of Pakistan, so that it can help the policy makers to shape the different policies to tackle with the various issues of the textile industry, and it can only be done with the help of the research. There is a need to conduct study on this topic so that it can be beneficial for the individuals as well as the Pakistans economy. The issues faced by the textile industry at current need to be studied and can only be solved through proper policy implications. There is a need to explain the various factors affecting the textile industry of Pakistan so that the policy makers have an idea to explore the responsiveness of the textile industry due to current trade policies which will in turn help them to identify the different policy measures to enhance the textile industry in our country. 1.3. RESEARCH QUESTION: It is believed that the textile industry acts as the backbone of any economy, and the development and prosperity of the economy depends largely on the development of this sector. Here in this research, an attempt is made to study the effect of textile industry on the growth of the economy before and after the establishment of WTO (1995) from 1947 till current. The basic research question arises from the discussion is that whether the textile industry contributed positively towards economic growth in the country? The research tries to find out the accurate answers of this question by using econometric models. 1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: The textile industry acts as the backbone of any economy, and the development and prosperity of the economy depends largely on the development of this sector. This study was conducted how the textile industry is contributing significantly towards economic growth 1.4.1 HYPOTHESIS: H0 Textile industry does not directly related to the development of the economy. H1 Textile industry directly related to the development of the economy CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND According to Dawn News the Economist Magazines (2008), in 1947 after self-rule, only two textile mills were working with 80,000 spindles and 3,000 looms. At that time our domestic need was 8 % only. 1950 The organized development of cotton textile mills started in the late 50s. In 1952 PIDC and in 1953 Vatika Textile Mill at Karachi was organized. 1960 By mid 60s about 180 units of textile bleaching, printing and processing units in Pakistan. A number of spinning units comprising of only 12,500 spindles were set up. Newly established mills were based upon imported technology but there was lack of technical staff and shortage of capitals. Pakistans textile industry has lost its relatively more prominent position of the 1960s and 1970s, and today holds a little over 2 per cent of the world market. Pakistan enjoyed a very dynamic performance in the 1960s, and was among the leading; underdeveloped countries that were emerging in the world cotton textile market. In fact, Pakistans record was quite envious, as between 1962 and 1970 it cornered over 11 per cent of the world market (Admin, 2010). 1970 During the era of 70-71 there were 113 textile units and the industry had 2,605 spindles and 30 thousands looms. After the separation of East Pakistan, Cotton Export Corporation of Pakistan was established this meant that most of the private sector was taken over by the state. The textile industry suffered heavy looses because the export cotton controlled by CEC (Cotton Export Corporation of Pakistan), and the import of machinery was made difficult due to shortages of foreign exchange (Admin, 2010). 1980 This phase brought a relief to the textile Industry of Pakistan. There was a rapid growth in spinning sector. Till 1980-81 spinning continued to expand to 4033 thousand spindles in 203 spinning units, and working capacity amounted to 2833 thousand spindles. The textile sector holds a very important position in Pakistans economy in terms of employment value added and exports. It has the highest manufacturing value added for any industry amounting to 17.5 per cent. Similarly, about one-third of the entire manufactured employment is in the textile sector. In terms of exports, approximately 30 per cent of Pakistans total export came from cotton textiles in 1990/1, up from 20 per cent in 1982-3. Cotton yarns contribution to exports increased from 10 in 1982 to 18 percent in 1990. 1990 Machinery for producing garments and made-up was also freed from import duty. As a result, a huge expansion in the spinning sector took place in the first five years of the 1990s. World demand for good quality, wide width fabrics grew and replacement and a modernization process started. With these developments, production and export value-added items such as bed-sheets and home furnishing started. Structural changes with the replacement of outdated machinery and modernization in the industry still continued in view of world competition. In 1991-92 Pakistan produced a record high crop of 12.8 million bales.1993 to 1998; Pakistan recorded a development of 101% per year in cloth manufacture while its position is third after China and India in the world wide yarn manufacturing. The place of Pakistans textile manufacturing relatively persist and further following the full execution of WTO (World Trade Organization) contract from 2005 beyond when a period of open trade will establish internationally. In 2000-2001 Pakistans Cotton production and consumption was almost equal around 10.45 million bales (Arshiya Fayyaz, 2008). World Trade Organization and textile industry: World Trade Organization (WTO) a foreign organization which support deal between member countries, look after nationwide trade contracts and resolves disputes when they arise (Business dictionary, 2010). According to Kimberly Amadeo, the WTO (World Trade Organization) is a set where associate administration goes, to try to solve the trade issues they face with one another. At its heart are the WTO agreements, discussed and noticed by the volume of the worlds dealing states. But the WTO is not just about relaxing trade, but in some conditions its rules hold up trade blockade for example to defend clients, avoid the increase of virus or look after the atmosphere. World Trade Organizations (WTO) Impact on Textile Industry in Pakistan: According to Jabir Rafique The contract on fabric and clothes, which were ingredient of the Uruguay Round trade discussions; aim to abolish the component of inequity in textile and clothing. An agreement on textile and clothing (ATC) actually does is to give marketplace entrà ©e to developing nations and does these throughout two belongings. A: amalgamation B: development tariff We should not observe the scientific feature of ATC (agreements on textile and clothing) now, but focus on what is happening since January 1, 2005. There is a crowd of questions that would turn into greatly important for trade in textiles and apparel. Pakistans exports of textiles and apparel are probable to rise 8-billion us dollars score in 2003-04 to previous years about US$7-billion exports, current sky-scraping prices of yarn not withstanding. Pakistan will face equally intimidation and opportunities from January 1, 2005. The fundamental problem which will crash exports in 2004, but not yet determined are: Whether the EU (European Union) and U.S.A. will permit carry-forward in 2004 as required by all rising nations. Whether delivery received January 1, 2005 beyond will be free irrespective of the year of delivery or may be, for these, suitable quota permit could be essential, or these supplies may be drove back or taken away by customs. How the EU make a strategy to contract with free activities of supplies from the 10 fresh associate nations which will connect the Europe union on May 1, 2004. Pakistan by no means is capable to completely use part available to it; usually, 25% of the quotas stay unutilized. The proportion consumption of quotas remains unutilized. In 2002, an entirety amount of 4,646 million cube meters be offered to Pakistan from the listed nations. An amount of 1,147 million stays unutilized. Per unit price obtain in 2002; the unutilized value explains US$600 million (Osaka Senken, 2004). Cotton and fabrics have the greatest industrialized base. In the previous years, the section of knitwear, blanket, dry items and chosen stuff of handy clothes have shown an significant increasing trend in exports. Though, the Pakistani cloth mill is comparatively weak in artificial fiber goods, natural fiber clothes and fancy clothing. The impact of complete addition is probable to hit this sector hard. Because of back-loading, the limitations would stay in place till the end of 2004. As a result, no alteration era would be offered to the manufacturing. This unexpected swap from a limited to a open atmosphere would surely attach to the alteration difficulties of untrained units (Osaka Senken, 2004). The further influential feature since January 1, 2005 will be: Skills on which there has not been adequate center until now. The customary vision of negotiators, so as to contemptible employment and a rich delivery of yarn is not true any longer. After that is user flavor. Requirement for cotton and for fabric and clothing is common. So we should develop a spirited benefit on the goods and services that we had a relatively gain on it. While there will be no restrictions on exports; however rivalry from China and the Asian tigers with apparent additions in the non-tariff fence should be kept in view. Uruguay round was established because it was thought that in year 2005 this round would be a round to end other rounds. EU, Japan and other countries made a lobby to initiate a new round. In November 2001, 4th WTO Ministerial meeting, the Doha expansion program, basically the start of a new polygonal trade negotiation round was certified. Fresh problems were raised, and these problems were discussed in 2005. The 5th Ministerial Conference commence in Cancum, Mexico gave the notion that the urbanized world required to eat its cake and have it too. On the other hand the unpleasant act, skill, transformation, important reserves, marketplace, particular tax talks and particular local provision should be followed. To sum up, the Pakistani cloth manufacturing should not relay on usual marketplace, models and conventional ways, because there is no assurance that the offered model will persist as it is.. CHAPTER 3:  LITERATURE REVIEW Dr. Noor Ahmed Mammon, (2010) analyzed the establishment and development of the denim sub sector. According to him, the weaving part in Pakistan generally is paying intense attention to the significant success of the denim sub sector. The clothing industry of Pakistan openly benefits from the latest developments in the denim adding up advanced price to the textile formed in Pakistan. The Denim area in Pakistan still much smaller in terms of scale is leading the system for the whole industry. Aftab A Khan Mehreen Khan (2010) examine the challenges of this decades, and examine that Pakistan faces the toughest challenges in this decades. According to their research the internal condition of Pakistan is very bad and the exporters face the huge challenges. The exporters of Pakistan face crises of electricity breakdown, Shortfall of Gas, high inflation rate, political instability, terrorism, high interest rate, and problem of the foreign visas. According to their report the Government of Pakistan should take steps to solve these problems because textile industry is backbone of our exports. Jodie Keane et al, (2008) examine the job of fabric and clothing industry in enlargement and expansion strategies in developing countries. They propose that textile and clothing industry are significant in economic and social conditions, in the short-run by providing income, jobs, particularly for women, and foreign exchange receipts and in the long-run by providing countries the chance for continued economic growth. According to them, the potential of the fabric and clothing industry to contribute to long-run expansion and progress will depend not only on the characteristics of the investor, but also on the worth as well as efficiency of government policies and institutions in rising countries to put up on this deal. Dr. A. Ali Mohammad Munir (2008) analyzed the Pakistans textile export in international market. They analyze that the share of the bed wear, towels and knitwear has increased over the last six to seven years and they became the major export of our textile sector. The share of the other textile items like hosiery, denim and other textile items remained inactive and changed marginally. The study also tell that after the quota free regime in textile the competition increased too much so Pakistan need to focus on the quality of the product. Afia Malik, (2004) examines the situation of Pakistan textile industry after the establishment of WTO (1995). After the establishment of WTO in 1995 the trade

Philosophical Autobiography in Mahfouzs Cairo Trilogy Essay examples

Throughout the novels of Naguib Mahfouz' Cairo Trilogy, the most noticeable element is the progression of time. In tracing the lives of three generations of the Abd al-Jawad family, Mahfouz manages to structure a chronicle of Egypt during his lifetime that describes not only the lives of the family but the social, political and philosophical change of the entire nation. While it is dangerous to read only for social analysis in Mahfouz' essentially artistic work, the changes in Egypt during the novel make its characters' relationships to a shifting Egypt clear. The character of Kamal is a very intriguing part of this depiction because of his similarity to Mahfouz and the consequent illustration of the changes which seem to have impacted Mahfouz most personally. Kamal can be seen as an essentially autobiographical character as well as a type representing Egyptian philosophical involvement and change between the two World Wars. Kamal is certainly an autobiographical character, though to exactly what degree is not clear. The most obvious similarity is his age: Mahfouz was born in 1911, and Kamal would have had to be born near then as well for him to be 36 by the end of Sugar Street (232). The details surrounding his childhood are undeniably similar as well: Mahfouz was haunted by an infatuation with one of his neighbors for many years, he experienced disillusionment with religion when he found the tomb of al-Husayn to be empty, and he then began to study Darwinism and declared a philosophy major in college. Also like Kamal, Mahfouz did not marry until late in life. In 1946 he started writing this trilogy, in almost exactly the situation of Kamal at the end of Sugar Street, and his mental state may have been similar to... ...an especially valuable character because he offers us a less exaggerated social type than the rest of his family, one who is simultaneously intensely personal to the author and a representative of the whole of Egyptian society. He allows us to see Egypt more clearly by seeing through the eyes of its most notable author. WORKS CITED Abu Ahmed, Hamed. "A Nobelist's Inspiration." World Press Review 36.1 (1989): 61. Mahfouz, Naguib. Palace of Desire. New York: Doubleday, 1991. -----. Sugar Street. New York: Doubleday, 1992. Massuh, Victor. "Interview with Naguib Mahfouz." UNESCO Courier Dec. 1989: 4-6. Moosa, Matti. The Early Novels of Naguib Mahfouz. Gainsville, Fla.: University Press of Florida, 1994. [+] These quotes are taken from an uncited handout given to me by Richard Sutliff that I believe to be from Moosa's book. [+]+ hereafter SS.

Crude oil

Crude oil is a necessity for the emerging as well as the existing industries all over the world. It has the power to affect production because it's a raw material which Is used for producing petrol etc. The fluctuations In the price of crude oil can affect the economy on a large scale. The price of crude oll Is affected by the demand and the supply like any other good. In times of bottlenecks the price Is expected to rise whereas when there is an oversupply of crude oll the price tends to fall. Crude oil prices have varied over the last 50 years.In June, OPEC production fell by 370,000 barrels, this was mainly caused due to hindrances such as conflicts In the Middle East and the production strikes In Nlgerla . As a result this affected the price of crude 011 and It rose substantially. The prices of crude oll were subject to some major fluctuations In recent years. It can be observed that the price of crude 011 rose as much as $140/barrel approximately in 2008. 1n the same year it fel l as low as $40,' barrel approximately. In the years 2010 and 2011 it constantly increased from $80,' barrel and reached a maximum price of $122/barrel approximately.In the years 2012 and 201 3 the price of crude oil fluctuated in the range of $100/barrel and $120/ barrel. High crude oil prices can be responsible for cost push inflation in the economy. Cost push inflation is caused mainly due to an increase in the price of raw material. Crude oil is a raw material and is predominantly used for transportation. Transportation is a vital part of the production process. Increase in the price of crude il would mean that the transportation costs increase. This in turn affects the production cost and finally the high costs fall heavily on the consumers in the form of high prices.The Oil market has been unstable since the 1970's and has been overblown by many serious disruptions. As a result the oil market has lost its market share and people have now shifted to other energy sources availab le . The market for alternative energy sources has expanded as its much cheaper then crude oil. People have now shifted to cheaper fuels such as natural gas, bio-diesel etc. However other ut expensive alternatives of crude oil have also emerged for e. g. Carbon free cars, these are cars which run on rechargeable battery and they are also environment friendly.Crude oil is one of the major energy source and most of the countries still consume It heavily-UK imports crude oll and as a result its suffering from Imported Inflation currently. The crude oil prices are expected to Increase In the near future and this In turn would further contribute to Inflation In the economy. If the prices of crude oll aren't controlled then It can be said that Crude oll will continue to lose Its arket share -In order to bring stablllty In the oll market It needs to get rid of disruptions caused by various conflicts In the oll producing countries. rude oil By ‘hatewar world. It has the power to affec t production because it's a raw material which is used for producing petrol etc. The fluctuations in the price of crude oil can affect the economy on a large scale. The price of crude oil is affected by the demand and the supply like any other good. In times of bottlenecks the price is expected to rise whereas when there is an oversupply of crude oil the price tends to fall. Crude oil barrels, this was mainly caused due to hindrances such as conflicts in the Middle East and the production strikes in Nigeria .As a result this affected the price of crude oil and it rose substantially. The prices of crude oil were subject to some major fluctuations in recent years. It can be observed that the price of crude oil rose as much as $140/barrel approximately in 2008. 1n the same year it fell as low as $40/ barrel approximately. In the years 2010 and 2011 it constantly increased from $80/ and 2013 the price of crude oil fluctuated in the range of $100/barrel and $120/ hare and people have now shifted to other energy sources available .The market for consume it heavily. UK imports crude oil and as a result its suffering from imported inflation currently. The crude oil prices are expected to increase in the near future and this in turn would further contribute to inflation in the economy. If the prices of crude oil aren't controlled then it can be said that Crude oil will continue to lose its market share . ln order to bring stability in the oil market it needs to get rid of disruptions caused by various conflicts in the oil producing countries.